Effects of Errors and Gaps in Spatial Data Sets on Assessment of Conservation Progress

Data on the location and extent of protected areas, ecosystems, and species’ distributions are essential for determining gaps in biodiversity protection and identifying future conservation priorities. However, these data sets always come with errors in the maps and associated metadata. Errors are often overlooked in conservation studies, despite their potential negative effects on the reported extent of protection of species and ecosystems. We used 3 case studies to illustrate the implications of 3 sources of errors in reporting progress toward conservation objectives: protected areas with unknown boundaries that are replaced by buffered centroids, propagation of multiple errors in spatial data, and incomplete protected‐area data sets. As of 2010, the frequency of protected areas with unknown boundaries in the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) caused the estimated extent of protection of 37.1% of the terrestrial Neotropical mammals to be overestimated by an average 402.8% and of 62.6% of species to be underestimated by an average 10.9%. Estimated level of protection of the world's coral reefs was 25% higher when using recent finer‐resolution data on coral reefs as opposed to globally available coarse‐resolution data. Accounting for additional data sets not yet incorporated into WDPA contributed up to 6.7% of additional protection to marine ecosystems in the Philippines. We suggest ways for data providers to reduce the errors in spatial and ancillary data and ways for data users to mitigate the effects of these errors on biodiversity assessments. Efectos de Errores y Vacíos en Conjuntos de Datos Espaciales sobre la Evaluación del Progreso de la Conservación     

Effect of Environmental Setting on Sediment, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Concentrations in Albemarle-Pamlico Drainage Basin, North Carolina and Virginia, USA

/ Environmental settings were defined, through an overlay process, as areas of coincidence between categories of three mapped variables\Mland use, surficial geology, and soil drainage characteristics. Expert judgment was used in selecting factors thought to influence sediment and nutrient concentrations in the Albemarle-Pamlico drainage area. This study's findings support the hypothesis that environmental settings defined using these three variables can explain variations in the concentration of certain sediment and nutrient constituents. This finding underscores the importance of developing watershed management plans that account for differences associated with the mosaic of natural and anthropogenic factors that define a basin's environmental setting. At least in the case of sediment and nutrients in the Albemarle-Pamlico region, a watershed management plan that focuses only on anthropogenic factors, such as point-source discharges, and does not account for natural characteristics of a watershed and the influences of these characteristics on water quality, may lead to water-quality goals that are over- or underprotective of key environmental features and to a misallocation of the resources available for environmental protection.KEY WORDS: Environmental setting; Water quality; Watershed management; Nutrients; Sediment     

房间开门形式对人员疏散的影响分析

采用计算机数值模拟软件FDS+Evac,对房间开门形式对人员疏散的影响进行分析。建立疏散模型,房间人员密度设置3种情况,着重研究了7种开门形式条件下人员疏散过程。研究表明,房间开门总宽度一定时,只设置一道门,疏散效率最高。当房间需要满足设置两道门时,门应尽量设置在房间的两对边墙上,这样疏散效率较高。两道门设置在房间相邻边墙上时最不利于人员疏散。研究结果为房间开门的设计提供了参考依据。     

“Consent and Consensus in Policies Related to Food – Five Core Values”

When formulating a policy related to food in a heterogeneous context within a nation or between nations, oppositional positions are more or less explicit, but always have to be overcome. It is interesting to note, though, that such elements as culture and religion have seldom been the focus in discussions about methods of decision-making in food policy. To handle discrepancies between oppositional positions, one solution is to narrow differences between partners, another to accept one partner or position as dominant. In a solid and lasting policy, any of these options has to be agreed upon by all the partners involved. In this article, I argue that context sensitivity and a shared picture of the situation are necessary bases for a solid food policy. Two methods for policy discussion are elaborated on and religious slaughter is given as an example of a heterogeneous setting with strongly diverging ideals. Several aspects have to be respected from the outset, such as culture, religion, and value systems. This condition is partly met in a model of informed consent and in a consensus model. The informed consent model is regarded as insufficient, because it lacks both methods of dealing with hierarchies and the goal of finding a shared and nuanced picture of the situation. A consensus model meets these tasks but might on the other hand, among other things, be too difficult to follow and to administer. For both models, some difficulties with justification of decisions arise. Five essential elements emanating from a combination of these models are suggested as a basis for a decision process regarding food policies: respect for each discussion partner, context sensitivity, respect for arguments including emotions, a shared picture of the situation, and finally relating theory and practice.     

青岛理工大学安全工程专业课程体系设置模式

介绍了我国安全工程专业发展概况、存在的问题及青岛理工大学安全工程专业现状.重点介绍了青岛理工大学安全工程专业课程体系设置情况,提出了2006年安全工程专业课程体系设置调整的构想.     

液化石油气罐车卸车作业事故——安全阀意外开启泄压原因调查

为了提高液化石油气罐车采用压缩机卸车法作业的安全性,通过对某液化石油气罐车卸车作业时其顶部安全阀意外开启泄压的事故原因进行调查,查明了导致罐车顶部安全阀意外开启泄压的直接原因是操作工人违章作业导致储罐与罐车罐体内气相液化石油气压差安全裕量严重不足所致。同时探讨了在夏季高温环境采用压缩机法对液化石油气罐车卸车作业时液化石油气罐车顶部安全阀整定值设定、液化石油气储罐与罐车罐体内气相液化石油气压差安全裕量的重要性。     

数据库与计算机计算中环境监测数据的正确修约

在使用数据库和计算机计算环境监测数据时,应该按照数值修约规则,编制和使用正确的计算处理程序。     

中药博落回生物碱提取新工艺研究

通过实验研究,探索博落回中总生物碱的提取新工艺,精制工艺,脱脂工艺,脱毒工艺及用HPLC法测定博落回中血根碱和白屈菜红碱含量.     

土壤重金属污染中背景含量与污染叠加含量的区分

以南京铁合金厂土壤Cr污染为例，讨论了土壤重金属污染研究中区分背景含量与污染叠加含量的方法。结果表明，运用Hazen概率格纸作图区分背景含量和污染叠加含量在土壤污染研究中是可行的，所得参数的环境意义是明确的，与实际情况是符合的。     

多孔喷嘴PM10-PM2.5串级冲击式大气采样器的研制及应用

多孔喷嘴冲击式大气采样器广泛应用于大气环境监测,相对于单孔喷嘴采样器,它具有压差小、相同空气雷诺数下采样流量大等特点.利用Marple的冲击理论,设计了一种中流量PM10-PM2.5串级冲击式大气采样器,采样流量为100L/min.用该采样器进行实地测量,通过PM2.5/PM10的比值分析,该采样器测量的PM2.5/PM10数据基本与文献报道一致.