电镀污泥中铜和镍的回收

采用硫酸酸浸#x02014;铜镍分离#x02014;净化除杂#x02014;沉淀制取硫酸镍的工艺从电镀污泥中回收铜和镍,分别采用硫化钠沉淀法和铁粉置换法研究电镀污泥酸浸液中铜和镍的分离效果。实验结果表明,硫化钠沉淀法对铜和镍的分离效果较好,其最优工艺条件为：硫化钠加入量为理论需求量的1.2倍,硫化钠沉淀温度60℃,硫化钠沉淀时间30min。利用本回收工艺制得的硫酸镍产品中镍的质量分数为18%,镍的回收率达80%以上,铜的回收率达90%以上。     

脱硫废水和澄清器废水的综合利用研究

某公司2×300 MW机组脱硫废水和澄清器废水均未经处理直接外排,造成废水超标排放.经分析研究,两种废水混合后呈中性,采用压滤处理后,出水回用于燃料系统,既消除了环境污染,同时又减少了新鲜水用量,环境、经济效益显著.     

用混合二元酸制备混合酸二甲酯

以工业副产物混合二元酸（DBA）和甲醇为原料,用自制PW12／SiO2作催化剂制备混合酸二甲酯（DME）,确定了最佳制备条件：甲醇与DBA摩尔比为3．5,PW12／SiO2加入量（PW12／SiO2中PW12占DBA的质量分数）为2％,反应时间为4．5h,100gDBA中甲苯加入量为50mL。在此最佳条件下,DME收率为84．7％,所得DME为无色澄清液体,其中丁二酸二甲酯的质量分数为11．03％,戊二酸二甲酯的质量分数为13．88％,己二酸二甲酯的质量分数为73．79％。PW12／SiO2具有较好的稳定性和一定的重复使用性,PW12／SiO2重复使用5次时的DME收率仍大于70％。     

煤矸石对环境的危害与开发利用研究

煤矸石是我国排放量最大的工业固体废弃物,它既压占土地又严重污染环境。概述了煤矸石的形成以及煤矸石大量堆放对环境所产生的危害和影响,并针对我国矿区实际,介绍了煤矸石污染的生态治理措施与开发利用途径。     

安徽休宁县中药材资源现状与开发利用

为了更好地开发黄山市中草药资源,结合农业产业结构调整及山区综合发展,分析了休宁县中药材资源现状。采取野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,对安徽休宁县自然概况进行初步分析,并统计了县境内主要中药材的种类、蕴量。结果显示,休宁县中药材共计有243科816种,其中植物类165科677种,动物类78科136种,药用矿物3种。研究表明,休宁县中草药种类繁多、资源丰富,具有较好的开发和利用前景。     

豫东平原土壤养分时空变异特征研究

通过土壤耕层养分特征分析,论述了不同农田利用和管理措施下不同土壤类型的土壤养分时空变异特征及硝态氮的累积特性。由于“重氮磷,轻有机肥,忽视钾素补给”,土壤养分变化以退化趋势为主,钾素耗竭性明显。硝态氮累积表现为从上向下递减、由上至下递增和相对积累于土体某一深度3种变化趋势。提出了土壤持续利用途径。     

Wise Use of Wetlands: Current State of Protection and Utilization of Chinese Wetlands and Recommendations for Improvement

Wetland protection and utilization sometimes appear to be in conflict, but promoting the wise use of wetlands can solve this problem. All countries face the challenge of sustainable development of wetlands to a greater or lesser extent, but the problem is especially urgent in developing countries, such as China, that want to accelerate their economic development without excessive environmental cost. Chinese wetlands contribute greatly to economic development, but improper use of these natural resources has endangered their existence. It is thus necessary to provide scientific guidance to managers and users of wetlands. In this paper, we analyze the present status of Chinese wetland protection and utilization, and discuss problems in six categories: a lack of public awareness of the need for wetland protection; insufficient funding for wetland protection and management; an imperfect legal system to protect wetlands; insufficient wetland research; lack of coordination among agencies and unclear responsibilities; and undeveloped technologies related to wetland use and protection. The wise use of Chinese wetlands will require improvements in four main areas: increased wetland utilization research, scientific management of wetland utilization, improved laws and regulations to protect wetlands, and wider dissemination of wetland knowledge. Based on these categories, we propose a framework for the optimization of wetland use by industry to provide guidance for China and other countries that cannot sacrifice economic benefits to protect their wetlands.     

Community analysis of ammonia and nitrite oxidizers in start-up of aerobic granular sludge reactor

A lab-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was setup and the aerobic granular sludge was successfully incubated by using anaerobic granular sludge as seed sludge. Nitrogen was partially removed by simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) via nitrite with free ammonia (FA) of about 10 mg/L. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) method was used to investigate community structure of α-Proteobacteria, β-Proteobacteria, ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB), and Nitrospira populations during start-up. The population sizes of bacteria, AOB and Nitrospira were examined using real-time PCR method. The analysis of community structure and Shannon index showed that stable structure of AOB population was obtained at the day 35, while the communities of α-Proteobacteria, β-Proteobacteria, and Nitrospira became stable after day 45. At stable stage, the average cell densities were 1.1×1012, 2.2×1010 and 1.0×1010 cells/L for bacteria, AOB and Nitrospira, respectively. The relationship between characteristics of nitrifying bacteria community and nitrogenous substrate utilization constant was discussed by calculating Pearson correlation. Certain correlation seemed to exist between population size, biodiversity, and degradation constant. And the influence of population size might be greater than that of biodiversity.     

论熵增最小化经济与资源的可持续利用

经济的快速发展带来了经济系统不断的优化演变，但同时也给生态系统带来了过多的环境问题。文章从资源熵、负熵资本与资源利用的关联性入手，运用生态经济系统熵变模型，从熵经济学角度分析环境污染问题，得出这样的结论：自然界过快的熵增超出了自然界消除熵的能力，以至于自然界没有太多排放熵的空间是造成环境危机的深层次原因。改变当前人类利用资源的方式是缓解环境危机的根本出路，而发展熵增最小化经济为缓解环境危机，实现资源的可持续利用提供了理论上的可行性。     

生态脆弱区自然资本可持续利用及驱动机制--以宁夏为例

自然资本的分类测度和分区管理是可持续发展领域的核心议题。文章基于改进后的三维生态足迹模型,分析了2008—2017年宁夏及其各地级市自然资本利用的时空演变特征,并运用偏最小二乘法揭示了自然资本利用演变的驱动机制,旨在为生态脆弱区自然资本的可持续利用、社会经济的协调发展和生态文明建设提供参考。结果显示:①10年来宁夏人均生态足迹以年均5.01%的速率从3.146 hm²增至4.564 hm²,人均生态承载力相对稳定,人均生态赤字由2.462 hm²扩大至3.839 hm²,自然资本的供需矛盾愈加尖锐;市域尺度上,除固原市外其他各市生态赤字明显,总体上呈由南向北递增趋势。②足迹深度和足迹广度表明流量资本已无法满足需求,对存量资本的消耗成为社会经济发展的常态;市域尺度上,足迹深度呈“北高南低”的分布特征,而足迹广度的空间分布与其相反,二者存在显著的地域互补性。③从地类组分构成来看,林地、草地和水域是全区存量资本消耗的主要方式,耕地尚处于流量资本占用状态,建筑用地已过渡为存量资本;市域尺度上,自然资本利用的可持续性呈“南强北弱”格局,各地类间自然资本利用差异显著。④偏最小二乘回归模型揭示能源消耗、社会消费、经济发展和资源禀赋条件是影响宁夏自然资本利用的显著因素,而人口规模、对外贸易、生态建设、科技进步和产业结构演化对自然资本利用的影响程度较轻;市域尺度上自然资本利用的驱动力差异显著。最后,基于自然资本利用空间分异特征,从供需视角提出了自然资本可持续利用的对策建议和优化路径。