有限空间作业中毒窒息事故的预防

中毒窒息事故是有限空间危险作业的常发事故之一,多发生在封闭或半封闭设备,地上有限空间和地下有限空间,施害物主要为硫化氢、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、氨和甲烷(沼气)等。在我国,随着经济的迅猛发展,一大批农民转变成产业工人,由于新工人群体的总体文化素质低,自身的安全意识、安全知识和安全技能的缺乏,一些管理者对中毒窒息危险危害认识始终存在盲区,导致同类职业中毒事故悲剧不断重演,使农民工、临时工或新工人成为中毒窒息事故的主要受害对象。为有效防止类似事故再次发生,笔者结合几起中毒窒息典型案例,阐述发生中毒窒息的5点原因以及从中汲取的2个教训,即必须按照规章作业和施救必须以自身安全为前提,总结中毒窒息场所安全作业要求,提出了一系列的防范措施。     

煤气管道带气抽堵盲板、开孔接管中的安全技术

生产或使用煤气的工业企业常常需要带气抽堵盲板和开孔接管作业。此类特殊作业存在中毒、着火、爆炸的危险性，为了安全、高效地实施此类作业，本文结合企业15年安全作业的实践，系统地总结了作业的方案制定、主要准备工作、作业过程的控制等方面措施和内容，并总结了相关安全技术问题的一些做法和体会。     

抽出式通风煤巷掘进过程中粉尘浓度分布规律的数值模拟

根据气固两相流理论，针对矿井掘进工作面的特点，采用计算流体力学的离散相模型（DPM）对掘进工作面通风过程中粉尘浓度进行数值模拟，总结抽出式通风掘进巷道中粉尘浓度的沿程分布及变化规律。     

液化气运输过程中的危险分析

应用各种爆炸后果估计模型对液化气运输过程中的爆炸后果进行了评估，并用ETA分析方法对存在的危险进行了分析，指出了控制措施。     

基于灰色系统理论的煤与瓦斯突出预测

为了对煤与瓦斯突出事故进行有效的预防与控制 ,笔者应用灰色系统理论中的灰色聚类评估方法 ,对矿井的煤与瓦斯突出进行了预测。经实例证明 ,与常用的预测方法相比 ,灰色聚类预测方法具有能动态预测、预测准确等优点。该方法将影响突出的多个因素综合系统的来考虑 ,跳出了常规预测方法只依靠单一指标进行预测的圈子 ,提高了预测的准确性。研究结果表明 ,该方法能准确地反映矿井煤与瓦斯突出规律 ,是一种新的煤与瓦斯突出预测的方法     

美国油气开发钻井废物排放管理法规浅析

钻井是石油天然气勘探开发过程中的重要环节,钻井过程中污染物的排放管理也受到各国普遍的重视。对钻井污染物的特点进行了分析,在此基础上概括地介绍了美国的相关环境管理法规体系。重点论述了与钻井排污有关的资源保护与补偿法、安全饮用水法、清洁水法等,总结了可供我国借鉴的若干法规、标准制定的理念和方法。     

抚顺石化公司硫磺回收装置的扩建和改造

抚顺石化分公司石油三厂原有硫磺回收装置的处理能力已经不能满足生产的需要,2002年对硫磺回收装置进行了扩建和改造。该装置采用了一段高温转化、二级催化转化的克劳斯工艺,采用揝SR敾乖?吸收工艺处理尾气。扩能改造后,新增的尾气处理能力与硫磺回收能力相配套,排放的废气符合国家现行的环保标准。该装置工艺路线合理、可靠,硫回收率高。     

CO2-free paper?

Black liquor gasification–combined cycle (BLGCC) is a new technology that has the potential to increase electricity production of a chemical pulping mill. Increased electricity generation in combination with the potential to use biomass (e.g. bark, hog fuel) more efficiently can result in increased power output compared to the conventional Tomlinson-boiler. Because the BLGCC enables an integrated pulp and paper mill to produce excess power, it can offset electricity produced by power plants. This may lead to reduction of the net-CO₂ emissions. The impact of BLGCC to offset CO₂ emissions from the pulp and paper industry is studied. We focus on two different plant designs and compare the situation in Sweden and the US. The CO₂ emissions are studied as function of the share of recycled fibre used to make the paper. The study shows that under specific conditions the production of “CO₂-free paper” is possible. First, energy efficiency in pulp and paper mills needs to be improved to allow the export of sufficient power to offset emissions from fossil fuels used in boilers and other equipment. Secondly, the net-CO₂ emission per ton of paper depends strongly on the emission reduction credits for electricity export, and hence on the country or grid to which the paper mill is connected. Thirdly, supplemental use of biomass to replace fossil fuel inputs is important to reduce the overall emissions of the pulp and paper industry.     

MODELING THE IMPACT OF MULTICOMPONENT VOCs ON GROUND WATER USING THE STEFAN‐MAXWELL EQUATION1

ABSTRACT: Computer programs that model the fate and transport of organic contaminants through porous media typically use Fick's first law to calculate vapor phase diffusion. Fick's first law, however, is limited to the case of a single, dilute species diffusing into a stagnant, high concentration, bulk vapor phase. When dealing with more than one diffusing species and at higher concentrations, the multicomponent coupling effects on vapor phase diffusion and advection of the various constituents become significant. VLEACH, a one‐dimensional finite difference model developed for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), is typical of the models using Fick's first law to model vapor‐phase diffusion. The VLEACH model was modified to accommodate up to 10 components and to calculate the binary diffusion coefficients for each of the components based on molecular weight, molecular volume, temperature and pressure, and to address the coupling effects on multiple component vapor phase diffusion and its impact on ground water. The resulting model was renamed MC‐CHEMSOIL. At low vapor phase concentrations, MC‐CHEMSOIL predicts identical ground water impacts (dissolved phase loading) to those from VLEACH 2.2a. At higher vapor phase concentrations, however, the relative difference between the models exceeded 20 percent.     

气田污泥脱水工艺研究

在对气田废水处理中产生的污泥进行处理时,普遍存在着干化周期长、含水率高等问题,严重影响了废水处理装置的处理能力。脱水剂优化选择实验以及污泥脱水性能实验结果表明:先加入聚合氯化铝并搅拌15 s,再加入阴离子聚丙烯酰胺并搅拌混合30 s,最后加入FO4190SH搅拌,混合凝聚30 s后静止分层,其凝聚效果较好。在污泥脱水性能的各项指标中,真空脱水均好于重力脱水,特别是对于新鲜污泥滤层,真空(45 kPa)脱水速度比重力脱水速度约高8倍。