Simulated photo-degradation of dissolved organic matter in lakes revealed by three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix with regional integration and parallel factor analysis

Simulated photo-degradation of fluorescent dissolved organic matter(FDOM) in Lake Baihua(BH) and Lake Hongfeng(HF) was investigated with three-dimensional excitationemission matrix(3 DEEM) fluorescence combined with the fluorescence regional integration(FRI),parallel factor(PARAFAC) analysis,and multi-order kinetic models.In the FRI analysis,fulvic-like and humic-like materials were the main constituents for both BH-FDOM and HF-FDOM.Four individual components were identified by use of PARAFAC analysis as humic-like components(C1),fulvic-like components(C2),protein-like components(C3) and unidentified components(C4).The maximum 3 DEEM fluorescence intensity of PARAFAC components C1-C3 decreased by about 60%,70% and 90%,respectively after photo-degradation.The multi-order kinetic model was acceptable to represent the photo-degradation of FDOM with correlation coefficient(R_(adj)~2)(0.963-0.998).The photo-degradation rate constants(k_n) showed differences of three orders of magnitude,from 1.09 x 10~(-6) to 4.02 x 10~(-4) min-1,and half-life of multi-order model(T_(1/2)~n)ranged from 5.26 to 64.01 min.The decreased values of fluorescence index(FI) and biogenic index(BI),the fact that of percent fluorescence response parameter of Region I(P_(Ⅰ,n)) showed the greatest change ratio,followed by percent fluorescence response parameter of Region II(P_(Ⅱ,n),while the largest decrease ratio was found for C3 components,and the lowest T_(1/2)~n was observed for C3,indicated preferential degradation of protein-like materials/components derived from biological sources during photodegradation.This research on the degradation of FDOM by 3 DEEM/FRI-PARAFAC would be beneficial to understanding the photo-degradation of FD OM in natural environments and accurately predicting the environmental behaviors of contaminants in the presence of FDOM.     

可靠性强化试验技术在全压智能探头研制中的应用

目的研究可靠性强化试验技术在全压智能探头研制过程中的应用。方法通过对受试产品施加单一或综合的环境应力,快速激发出产品的潜在故障,并对故障现象进行原因分析、失效模式分析,进而提出改进措施以提高产品的可靠性。以某型机载全压智能探头的可靠性强化试验为例,通过制定相应的试验方案,并阐述了试验实施的整个过程,最后对试验结果进行了评价,并提出了改进方案以提高产品的可靠性,在回归验证试验中证明了改进意见以及改进措施的有效性。结果通过强化试验,在短时间内获得了产品高低温及振动的工作极限应力值,并发现了在其他可靠性环境试验中无法发现的潜在故障,向产品研制单位提供了针对薄弱环节的改进意见,使产品的可靠性得到定性地增长。结论通过对典型产品进行系统级可靠性强化试验的实施与试验结果分析,给出了同类产品进行可靠性强化试验的典型案例和实施步骤。     

月面太阳风环境效应及试验技术

阐述了太阳风模拟试验设备的一般要求,重点分析了太阳风模拟设备最基本的分系统组成,即质子源、电子源、离子束测量装置和真空系统,归纳了每个分系统的关键技术指标,包括辐射粒子能量、通量密度、真空度等。并提出增加紫外源和月尘模拟系统等分系统,以建立完备的月面环境模拟试验系统。     

Cl-作用下AerMet100钢在盐雾环境中的 微区电化学行为

目的对Cl~-作用下AerMet100钢在盐雾环境中的腐蚀和微区电化学行为进行研究。方法通过开展盐雾腐蚀试验,对AerMet100钢的腐蚀形貌和腐蚀产物进行研究分析。盐雾试验不同时间后,通过SKP测试,得到试样的表面电位分布,通过Gauss拟合,对试样表面扫描开尔文电位的分布和变化情况进行分析。结果 AerMet100钢在盐雾腐蚀试验过程中的腐蚀行为从点蚀开始,逐渐发展为均匀腐蚀。腐蚀产物分为内外两层,外层疏松,内层致密。由于腐蚀反应过程中生成大量铁的氧化物及羟基氧化物,因此,内外层腐蚀产物中含有大量的Fe、O元素;内外锈层中均含有少量的Cl元素,表明Cl~-参与了腐蚀反应过程;内外锈层中Cr、Co、Ni等合金元素的存在,使得锈层具有离子选择性、致密性,加速了锈层的产生。未腐蚀的试样表面电位分布比较均匀,集中程度较高,即电位差较小,总体电位差为152 mV,有少量表面活性点随机分布,此时试样表面阴极和阳极分布不规则。盐雾试验3天后,试样表面电位正移,分布趋于分散,电位差增大,总体电位差为270m V,产生较为明显的阴极区和阳极区,由于吸附在试样表面活性点附近的Cl~-破坏了表面的氧化膜,腐蚀情况逐渐发生。盐雾试验6天后,试样表面电位进一步升高,分布更为分散,电位差略有减小,总体电位差为180 mV,由于腐蚀产物层的不断扩展,试样表面已经分为明显的较大面积的阴极区和阳极区。结论 Cl~-的侵蚀作用破坏了基体表面的氧化膜,使得AerMet100钢的腐蚀在夹杂物处发生。腐蚀产物能够阻碍Cl~-的渗透,对基体具有保护作用。     

不同来源溶解性有机质在光辐射下产生活性氧基团能力的差异

溶解性有机质(DOM)在光辐射下可以吸收光能产生活性氧物质(Reactive oxygen species, ROS),如单线态氧(~1O_2),羟基自由基(HO·)及激发三线态DOM(~3DOM~*)等,这些ROS对污染物的光化学反应起着重要的作用.本实验在254 nm紫外光辐射下,利用特征ROS探针化合物,探究4种不同来源土壤DOM光致产生ROS能力的差异.通过XAD-8树脂分组将2种不同来源DOM分成5个组分,进一步探究DOM结构对ROS生成的影响.研究发现,来源于黄褐土、潮土的DOM分别产生~1O_2、HO·的能力较强,而来源于黄褐土的富里酸及潮土的胡敏酸产生~3DOM~*的能力较强,说明不同来源DOM在光辐射下产生ROS的能力不同.紫外光谱分析表明,分子量较大、腐殖化程度较高的腐殖酸产生ROS的能力较强,且富里酸与胡敏酸对ROS生成的影响存在差异.整体来看,2种腐殖酸的不同分组组分对ROS生成的影响趋势相似,水与乙醇组分所产生的影响非常小,低pH值组分对ROS生成的影响比高pH值大.结合红外光谱分析,研究发现,低pH值组分的腐殖酸羧基含量较高,脂肪族官能团含量低,含氧量高,可能具有较高的光化学活性,有利于ROS的生成.此外,2种腐殖酸不同组分对ROS生成的影响存在差异,说明DOM结构中官能团的可解离程度对ROS生成具有一定影响.     

用电子自旋探针研究水泥固化土壤中镉离子的反应

应用电子自旋探针（Ｅｌｅｃｔｏｒｏｎ ｓｐｉｎ ｐｒｏｂｅ，简ＥＳＰ）Ｍｎ＾２＋离子的超精细结构（ｈｙｐｅｒｆｉｎｅ ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ，简称ｈｆｓ），揭示了水泥固化土壤中Ｃｄ＾２＋离子的化学反应，研究发现：由于水泥水化产生高的ＰＨ值，Ｃｄ＾２＋离子与ＯＨ＾－离子反应生成Ｃｄ（ＯＨ）２沉‘当有ＣＯ２气体存在时，Ｃｄ＾２＋离子会与ＣＯ２和水泥水化的ＯＨ＾－离子反应生成ＣｄＣＯ３、Ｃｄ（ＯＨ）２，这些     

废弃荧光灯无害化、资源化处置研究进展

阐述了废弃荧光灯回收利用的潜在意义，介绍了国内外废弃荧光灯资源回收与处置方法。采用回收利用法处理废弃荧光灯，其中包括荧光灯的破碎与物理分离，汞的无害化处理，以及稀土三基色荧光粉的回收和分离。根据稀土三基色荧光粉的特点，目前国外主要采用超临界CO2萃取法、湿法冶金法、风力分选法、离心法和浮选法分离回收稀土，对循环利用稀土资源具有一定的意义。     

Phenotypic analysis of fetal blood leucocytes: Potential for prenatal diagnosis of immunodeficiency disorders

Recent technological advances allow the detection and quantitation of subsets of leucocytes using monoclonal antibodies. We have taken advantage of this to study the ontogeny of fetal blood leucocytes, using very small blood samples obtained at fetoscopy. By 14 weeks gestation T cells represent 35 per cent or more of fetal leucocytes and the distribution of the helper/inducer and suppressor/cytotoxic subsets is similar to that of adults. B lymphocytes before 161/2 weeks are low (4–20 per cent), but rise to a mean of 28 per cent in 17–26 week fetuses. Granulocytic cells, many of which are phenotypically immature, represent 18–34 per cent of total leucocytes. The methodology employed is very reliable and offers the opportunity for the prenatal diagnosis of some immunodeficiency disorders, since using the same reagents we have diagnosed children with severe combined immunodeficiency shortly after birth.     

Limited use of chromosomal markers in prenatal diagnosis

By aid of fluorescent centromere markers in chromosome No. 3 it could be shown that crossing over in a translocation quadrivalent had occurred on two occasions in a father who is carrier of a 3/5 translocation. This case demonstrates that marker chromosomes cannot always be used to trace the parental origin of structurally abnormal chromosomes.     

Fetal granulocytes in maternal venous blood detected by in situ hybridization

Fetal male cells from maternal venous blood were detected by a non-radioactive in situ hybridization method using the biotinylated Y-specific DNA probe pY431. The hybridizations were performed on Ficoll-Paque-isolated nucleated blood cells obtained from 11 pregnant women in the seventh to 31st week of gestation. A Y-specific signal was detected in both granulocytes and lymphocyte-like cells in seven of the 11 women studied. These women gave birth to boys. In one of the four remaining cases, a Y-specific signal was detected in the lymphocyte-like cells but not in the granulocytes. This woman gave birth to a girl. The other three women had no cells with a Y-specific signal and all three gave birth to girls. Altogether, 83 500 nucleated cells were analysed. One hundred and three cells showed a Y-specific signal. Of these Y-specific cells, 62 per cent were granulocytes and 38 per cent lymphocyte-like cells. Our results suggest that fetomaternal transfer of granulocytes is common and that it occurs as early as in the seventh week of gestation. None of the ten non-pregnant female control samples showed positive cells with the Y-chromosome-specific probe; approximately 97 per cent of the cells from the five adult male controls showed a Y-specific signal. Our results indicate that in situ hybridization using a Y-specific DNA probe performed on granulocytes in maternal blood can be used for fetal male sex determination.