荧光定量PCR技术在环境监测中的应用研究

实时荧光定量PCR是在PCR基础上发展起来的一种核酸定量技术,此技术灵敏度高,特异性强。目前也已被国内外应用在环境监测方面。如可以用此方法来监测环境中微生物在河流中随季节的变化情况,评价菌的富集情况,快速检测微生物等。随着此技术的不断发展,此方法在环境监测方面将会有广阔的应用前景。     

Mercury source zone identification using soil vapor sampling and analysis

Development and demonstration of reliable measurement techniques that can detect and help quantify the nature and extent of elemental mercury (Hg(0)) in the subsurface are needed to reduce uncertainties in the decision-making process and increase the effectiveness of remedial actions. We conducted field tests at the Y-12 National Security Complex in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, to determine if sampling and analysis of Hg(0) vapors in the shallow subsurface (<0.3 m depth) can be used to as an indicator of the location and extent of Hg(0) releases in the subsurface. We constructed a rigid polyvinyl chloride push probe assembly, which was driven into the ground. Soil gas samples were collected through a sealed inner tube of the assembly and were analyzed immediately in the field with a Lumex and/or Jerome Hg(0) analyzer. Time-series sampling showed that Hg vapor concentrations were fairly stable over time, suggesting that the vapor phase Hg(0) was not being depleted and that sampling results were not sensitive to the soil gas purge volume. Hg(0) vapor data collected at over 200 push probe locations at 3 different release sites correlated very well to areas of known Hg(0) contamination. Vertical profiling of Hg(0) vapor concentrations conducted at two locations provided information on the vertical distribution of Hg(0) contamination in the subsurface. We conclude from our studies that soil gas sampling and analysis can be conducted rapidly and inexpensively at large scales to help identify areas contaminated with Hg(0).     

基于电场测量的起重机防触电报警系统

本系统是一种便于在各种起重机设备上安装的距离监测防触电报警制动装置,按功能分为探测模块和接收模块两部分。基于简单可靠的测量方法,探测模块将高压场强信号转换为易处理的电压信号,再进行衰减、整形、滤波,得到与电场强度对应的直流信号。利用高效片上系统C8051F020进行A/D转换,再通过无线电通讯系统把监测到场强信息发送到安装在驾驶室的接收模块。该装置的接收模块能接收多个感应探头的信号,应用时将感应探头安装在起重机各凸出部位。接收模块分析处理接收到的各个感应探头的信息,在智能大液晶屏上,用红、黄、绿彩色矩状的变化,形象的显示起重机各突出部位离场源的距离。一旦起重机设备的某凸出部位与带电体距离小于国家规定的安全距离时,所感应到场强会超过设定值,装置会发出预警、报警信号,同时能控制继电器断开电源,强行制动停止起重设备作业。实现可靠的安全保护。本系统的探测部分采用了有效的屏蔽措施,经过测试,能在30—220kV的高压电场环境中正常工作。     

Effect of fluorescent silica nanoparticles in embryo and larva of Oryzias latipes: sonic effect in nanoparticle dispersion

We characterized fluorescent silica nanoparticles (FNPs), which had been applied in many biological systems, in fish embryo rearing media (ERM) solution and evaluated the potential toxicity to the early development of Oryzias latipes embryos. Distribution of FNPs in embryos and larvae of O. latipes was studied by fluorescent and confocal laser scanning microscopic studies. Embryos exposed to three different concentrations of FNPs in stirred or sonicated ERM solutions were observed up to 2 d after hatching. FNPs had a negligible effect on the hatchability of O. latipes embryos; however, compared to controls, more than 30% of eggs were abnormal in 10 and 50 mg FNP L⁻¹ solutions. We found that the toxic effect was increased in sonicated FNP solution, which seems to be related with the dissolution of FNPs in ERM solutions that could be accelerated by sonication. Further study found that the CaCl₂ included in ERM solution might enhance the dissolution of the FNPs and the silicate ion released from FNPs partially contributed to larval toxicity. This study showed that some nanoparticles may not be stable in biological fluids even if they are stable in water. Dissolution factors such as sonication and cellular components should be considered in biological application of nanoparticles.     

Treatment of exhaust fluorescent lamps to recover yttrium: experimental and process analyses

The paper deals with recovery of yttrium from fluorescent powder coming from dismantling of spent fluorescent tubes. Metals are leached by using different acids (nitric, hydrochloric and sulphuric) and ammonia in different leaching tests. These tests show that ammonia is not suitable to recover yttrium, whereas HNO(3) produces toxic vapours. A full factorial design is carried out with HCl and H(2)SO(4) to evaluate the influence of operating factors. HCl and H(2)SO(4) leaching systems give similar results in terms of yttrium extraction yield, but the last one allows to reduce calcium extraction with subsequent advantage during recovery of yttrium compounds in the downstream. The greatest extraction of yttrium is obtained by 20% w/v S/L ratio, 4N H(2)SO(4) concentration and 90°C. Yttrium and calcium yields are nearly 85% and 5%, respectively. The analysis of variance shows that acid concentration alone and interaction between acid and pulp density have a significant positive effect on yttrium solubilization for both HCl and H(2)SO(4) medium. Two models are empirically developed to estimate yttrium and calcium concentration during leaching. Precipitation tests demonstrate that at least the stoichiometric amount of oxalic acid is necessary to recover yttrium efficiently and a pure yttrium oxalate n-hydrate can be produced (99% grade). The process is economically feasible if other components of the fluorescent lamps (glass, ferrous and non-ferrous scraps) are recovered after the equipment dismantling and valorized, besides the cost that is usually paid to recycling companies for collection, treatment or final disposal of such fluorescent powders.     

重大危险源分级方法探讨

提出以事故后果分析为基础,结合死亡概率模型,以事故可能造成的人员死亡数量为标准进行重大危险源分级的方法。对相关的危险化学品事故后果计算模型、死亡概率计算方法、重大危险源死亡人数计算方法以及重大危险源等级划分等进行了分析和研讨。该重大危险源分级法的应用实例表明,用其评价的重大危险源风险更加符合实际情况,具有更好的科学性。该研究成果对制定我国重大危险源分级标准具有重要意义。     

应用荧光原位杂交方法检测中国沿海塔玛/链状亚历山大藻复合种(亚洲温带基因型)

近年来,有害赤潮于中国沿海频繁发生,对沿海居民身体健康、水产养殖和自然生态形成了潜在的威胁.由于部分有毒赤潮藻在很低的密度下就有可能导致严重的危害,但传统的采样和分析方法无法对这类有毒赤潮进行有效的检测,因而急需发展准确、高效的检测新方法.根据对中国沿海分离的塔玛/链状亚历山大藻(亚洲温带基因型)核糖体大亚基DNA(LSU rDNA)序列信息的分析,设计了两条特异性的荧光标记探针,并建立了针对中国沿海塔玛/链状亚历山大藻复合种(亚洲温带基因型)的荧光原位杂交检测方法室内模拟实验显示两条探针都能够特异性地标记中国沿海塔玛/链状亚历山大藻(亚洲温带基因型),但标记效果有一定差异,探针SPEC-PROBE2标记效果远好于探针SPEC-PROBE1.经过标记的藻细胞可以通过荧光显微镜和流式细胞仪区分.中国沿海塔玛/链状亚历山大藻荧光原位杂交检测方法的建立将有助于提高海水样品中亚历山大藻监测的准确性和工作效率.     

荧光原位杂交在环境微生物学中的应用及进展

荧光原位杂交技术广泛用于分析复杂环境的微生物群落构成,可以在自然生境中监测和鉴定微生物,并能对未被培养的微生物进行检测.rRNA为靶序列寡核苷酸或PNA探针的荧光原位杂交能提供微生物的形态学、数量、空间分布等信息,现已成为环境科学研究领域中的热点技术.对荧光原位杂交技术的发展和在环境微生物学中的应用进行了综述,探讨了该技术的应用和发展前景.      

Copper and cadmium effects on growth and extracellular exudation of the marine toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella: 3D-fluorescence spectroscopy approach

In this study, metal contamination experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of copper and cadmium on the growth of the marine toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella and on the production of dissolved organic matter (Dissolved Organic Carbon: DOC; Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter: FDOM). This species was exposed to increasing concentrations of Cu²⁺ (9.93 × 10⁻¹⁰–1.00 × 10⁻⁷ M) or Cd²⁺ (1.30 × 10⁻⁸–4.38 × 10⁻⁷ M), to simulate polluted environments. The drastic effects were observed at pCu²⁺ = 7.96 (Cu²⁺: 1.08 × 10⁻⁸ M) and pCd²⁺ = 7.28 (Cd²⁺: 5.19 × 10⁻⁸ M), where cyst formation occurred. Lower levels of Cu²⁺ (pCu²⁺ > 9.00) and Cd²⁺ (pCd²⁺ > 7.28) had no effect on growth. However, when levels of Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ were beyond 10⁻⁷ M, the growth was totally inhibited. The DOC released per cell (DOC/Cell) was different depending on the exposure time and the metal contamination, with higher DOC/Cell values in response to Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺, comparatively to the control. Samples were also analyzed by 3D-fluorescence spectroscopy, using the Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) algorithm to characterize the FDOM. The PARAFAC analytical treatment revealed four components (C1, C2, C3 and C4) that could be associated with two contributions: one, related to the biological activity; the other, linked to the decomposition of organic matter. The C1 component combined a tryptophan peak and a characteristic humic substances response, and the C2 component was considered as a tryptophan protein fluorophore. The C3 and C4 components were associated to marine organic matter production.     

Photocatalytic degradation of Acid Blue 62 over CuO-SnO2 nanocomposite photocatalyst under simulated sunlight

The novel CuO-SnO2 nanocomposite oxide photocatalysts were prepared by simple co-precipitation method, and characterized by X- ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption measurement and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activities of CuO-SnO2, evaluated using the photodegradation of Acid Blue 62 as a probe reaction under the irradiation of Xenon light, were also found to be related to the calcination temperature and the molar ratio of Cu to Sn. The maximum photocatalytic activity of the CuO-SnO2 photocatalyst was observed to be calcined at 500~C for 3 h （the molar ratio of Cu to Sn was 1：1） due to the sample with good crystallization and high surface area. It also showed much higher photocatalytic activity in treatment dye wastewater under simulated sunlight irradiation compared to Degussa P25 TiO2.