东北区域空气质量时空分布特征及重度污染成因分析

东北已成为我国又一个霾污染多发和重发区域.采用2013～2017年东北区域大气污染物地面监测数据、卫星数据和气象数据等信息,探讨了中国东北地区空气质量时空分布特征与重度污染成因.结果表明,"沈阳-长春-哈尔滨"带状城市群是全年污染最严重的区域,空气质量指数(AQI)的空间分布具有明显的季节性,冬季污染最严重,春季吉林省西部周围为椭圆形污染区,夏季和秋季大部分时间空气质量最佳.3个典型的霾污染时期是10月下旬和11月上旬(即秋末和初冬,时期一),12月下旬和1月(即冬季最冷的时候,时期二),及4月到5月中旬(即春季沙尘和农业耕作期).时期一,季节性作物残茬焚烧和冬季采暖用煤燃烧产生的PM_(2.5)强排放是极端霾事件发生的主要原因(AQI 300);时期二,在最严寒月份里,重度霾污染事件(200 AQI 300),主要由燃煤和汽车燃料消耗的PM_(2.5)排放量高,大气边界层较低,以及大气扩散性差等共同引起;时期三,春季PM_(10)浓度较高,主要是由内蒙古中部退化草原的风沙和吉林省西部裸地的区域性扬尘传输造成的.同时,当地农业耕作本身也释放PM_(10),并提升了裸土的人为源矿物尘的排放强度.     

北京不同污染事件期间气溶胶光学特性

利用2005~2011年的AERONET观测数据,对北京不同污染事件期间(秸秆焚烧、烟花燃放以及沙尘天气)气溶胶光学特性进行了分析.气溶胶光学厚度受污染有显著上升,沙尘、秸秆、烟花气溶胶的AOD440 nm分别是干净背景的4.91、4.07、2.65倍.AOD与ngstrm波长指数的匹配能够较好地识别污染类型,沙尘对应高AOD和低α,烟花气溶胶α(1.09)稍低于秸秆(1.21)以及背景(1.27),表明烟花气溶胶的粗粒子更占优,秸秆对应更高的AOD则与其中黑碳颗粒较强的消光能力有关.单次散射反照率对波长敏感性不高,沙尘气溶胶的ω值(0.934)高于背景值(0.878)、秸秆气溶胶(0.921)以及烟花气溶胶(0.905),秸秆气溶胶受烟羽老化、吸湿性增长等影响表现出偏大现象.气溶胶粒子谱分布在背景与污染期间均为双峰模态,细模态和粗模态的峰值浓度半径分别为0.1~0.2μm以及2.24~3.85μm,粗细粒子浓度比值由小到大依次为背景(1.04)、秸秆焚烧(1.10)、烟花燃放(1.91)以及沙尘气溶胶(4.96).     

中国菌糠露天焚烧污染物排放时空分布特征

基于我国2000～2017年食用菌年产量数据,采用排放因子法估算了菌糠露天焚烧的污染物排放量,利用Mann-Kendall法和聚类分析法分析了排放量的时空分布特征,使用回归分析法预测了污染物的排放趋势.结果表明:(1)2000～2017年全国菌糠露天焚烧污染物排放量持续上升,PM_2.5、CO₂、CO、CH₄、NMVOCs、PAHs、NO_x、SO₂累积排放量分别为1.40×10⁶,3.48×10⁸,1.99×10⁷,8.43×10⁵,2.08×10⁶,3.00×10⁴,6.34×10⁵,8.29×10⁴t;(2)污染物排放量较高的省区包括山东、黑龙江、浙江、湖南、江苏、福建和河南,排放量较低的省区包括贵州、宁夏、天津、北京、新疆、重庆、甘肃;(3)预计2021年菌糠焚烧污染物总排放量高达4.25×10     

On the determination of nitrous oxide emission factor during biomass burning

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Brushland fire-management policies: A cross-impact simulation of southern California

A cross-impact simulation computer language, UW-KSIM, is presented as a potentially useful technique for assessing the consequences of resource policies. Cross-impact simulation is used to estimate trends in a set of variables that result from interactions produced from hypothesized relationships among the members of the set. This technique is illustrated with an example that simulates the likely impacts of a 20-year rotation burn policy in southern California's brushland watersheds and that compares the results to a simulated representation of the observed effects of the fire-exclusion policy. Simulated losses under the fire-exclusion policy were up to 300% higher than those produced by the rotation burn policy. Similarly, the simulated average area burned per year was reduced from 5.6% of the study area under the fire-exclusion policy to 2% of the study area under the rotation burn policy. A corresponding reduction in simulated appropriations for fighting wildfires was also demonstrated.     

Formation of secondary inorganic aerosol in a frigid urban atmosphere

•Harbin showed relatively high threshold RH (80%) for apparent increase of SOR. •The observed SOR were at the lower end of the ratios from Beijing’s winter. •Temperature-dependent increase of NOR was sharper than that of SOR. • NOR increased with stronger biomass burning impact but SOR was largely unchanged. Formation of secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) was investigated during a six-month long heating season in Harbin, China. Enhanced sulfate formation was observed at high relative humidity (RH), with the same threshold RH (80%) for both colder and warmer measurement periods. Compared to wintertime results from Beijing, the threshold RH was considerably higher in Harbin, whereas the RH-dependent enhancement of sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) was less significant. In addition, the high RH events were rarely encountered, and for other periods, the SOR were typically as low as ~0.1. Therefore, the sulfate formation was considered inefficient in this study. After excluding the several cases with high RH, both SOR and the nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) exhibited increasing trends as the temperature increased, with the increase of NOR being sharper. The nitrate to sulfate ratio tended to increase with increasing temperature as well. Based on a semi-quantitative approach, this trend was attributed primarily to the temperature-dependent variations of precursors including SO₂ and NO₂. The influence of biomass burning emissions on SIA formation was also evident. With stronger impact of biomass burning, an enhancement in NOR was observed whereas SOR was largely unchanged. The different patterns were identified as the dominant driver of the larger nitrate to sulfate ratios measured at higher concentrations of fine particulate matter.     

生物质露天焚烧及家庭燃用的多环芳烃排放特征研究

农村地区生物质燃烧排放是大气多环芳烃(PAHs)的重要来源之一.本研究利用建立的烟尘罩稀释通道采样系统,对我国典型的生物质燃烧方式—水稻、玉米、花生、大豆秸秆的家庭炉灶燃烧,并对水稻、玉米、花生秸秆以及荔枝树、大叶榕、小叶榕等落叶的露天焚烧进行实验室模拟,实测了秸秆野外焚烧、落叶野外焚烧、秸秆炉灶燃烧等3种典型生物质燃烧类型排放的气相及颗粒相PAHs的排放因子.结果表明,本研究生物质露天焚烧PAHs排放因子高于大部分已有实验结果,秸秆炉灶燃烧PAHs排放因子亦高于大部分排放清单采用值.3类燃料燃烧排放PAHs的谱分布相近,均以中低环PAHs为主,中高环(4~6环)PAHs比例为22.2%~28.8%.采用某单一数值作为某类源PAHs特征比的取值,并将其运用于大气PAHs的来源解析可能会造成偏差.     

城市生活垃圾露天焚烧排放PM2.5中重金属污染特征及其暴露健康风险

利用烟气稀释采样系统,针对不同功能区城市生活垃圾(MSW)样品,分别考虑桶内焚烧和自然堆积焚烧两种常见露天焚烧方式,对城市生活垃圾露天焚烧排放PM2. 5中重金属的污染特征及其居民暴露健康风险进行分析和评估.结果表明,5种不同组分垃圾焚烧排放的重金属中,锌(Zn)含量均为最高,可达1 324. 03～3 703. 12 mg·kg~(-1),镉(Cd)含量最低,为20. 25～63. 68 mg·kg~(-1);地累积指数结果显示,铅(Pb)、Zn、砷(As)和Cd的污染程度较高,自然堆积焚烧下均已达中度及以上污染水平,Cd的地累积污染指数远大于5;人体健康风险评估结果表明,8种重金属(Pb、Zn、Cu、Mn、As、Cd、Cr和Ni)经呼吸暴露的非致癌风险值均小于1,属于安全范围内;自然堆积焚烧下,As和Pb对儿童经皮肤接触的非致癌总风险值大于1,存在非致癌风险; 4种致癌元素(As、Cd、Cr和Ni)的致癌风险值均小于1. 0×10~(-4),但若长期处于这种环境下,会存在较低的潜在致癌风险.     

高层建筑典型外墙保温材料火蔓延特性数值模拟研究

有机保温材料被广泛应用于高层建筑外墙保温体系的同时,也可能增加高层建筑的火灾风险。本文通过计算机模拟,着重研究了保温材料之一的聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料(EPS)的火蔓延速率、失重速率及温度场分布等特性。研究结果发现:发生火灾后,外墙保温材料可以在很短的时间内自下而上蔓延至整个材料表面,并有表皮着火的现象。在火焰到达材料顶部之前,向上火蔓延占主导地位,材料中部区域明显燃烧脱落,火焰在材料两端上部继续燃烧,有向下加速蔓延的趋势;之后,火焰沿着材料中部内侧向下剧烈燃烧,材料呈V字型燃烧直至熄灭。在高层建筑外墙外保温材料火蔓延中,不同着火点情况下的燃烧速率随时间变化的趋势相似,且会形成两个波峰。     

烟气脱硫系统的腐蚀与防腐

介绍了燃煤电厂烟气脱硫系统腐蚀的主要部位，产生腐蚀的原因及主要的防腐措施，防腐措施包括：用合金材料、玻璃纤维及增强热固性树脂材料制造设备；用橡胶、陶瓷等材料作衬里；控制烟气温度在露点以上等。