公路隧道内危险物质泄漏扩散的研究

针对隧道内装有危险物质 (乙炔 )的载重车在行驶过程中发生小孔泄漏导致乙炔扩散的情况 ,建立了物理数学模型。即采用有限体积法和Simple算法 ,求解雷诺时均的Navier Stokes方程和k ε湍流模型。分析了车辆行使过程中危险物质释放前后隧道内的流场和两种释放方式下 (水平释放、垂直释放 )乙炔的浓度分布 ;针对不同的泄漏方式 ,考虑了后面跟随车辆及隧道顶部通风对乙炔扩散过程的影响 ;得出了有意义的结果 ,为进一步了解实际情况下危险气体扩散行为 ,并加以控制和减少事故提供了理论依据。     

Re-Establishing a Sustainable Wetland at Former Lake Karla,Greece, Using Ramsar Restoration Guidelines

Lake Karla, Greece, was almost completely drained in 1962 both to protect surrounding farmlands from flooding and to increase agricultural area. Loss of wetland functions and values resulted in environmental, social, and economic problems. A number of restoration plans were proposed to address these problems. The plan approved by the government in the early 1990s proposed construction of a 4200-ha reservoir solely to improve water storage and flood attenuation functions. However, the Ramsar Scientific and Technical Review Panel states that the primary goal of any restoration project is to create resilient and sustainable ecosystems, as measured on a human timescale, in order to improve the ecological character and enhance the socioeconomic role that the wetland plays in the watershed. This study utilizes Ramsar guidelines for sustainable restoration of Lake Karla. Eight additional restoration measures are proposed based on functional analysis of the wetland to enhance additional wetland functions and support multiple values for humans and nature.     

On Sustainable Development of Social Forestry in Bangladesh: Experiences from Sal (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Shorea Robusta</Emphasis>) Forests

Sustainability in forestry is a complex amalgam of trade-offs among its various dimensions and there is no easy route to achieve sustainable development. It is important that policy process and implementation strategy of these policies should be based on sound information about these trade-offs. There is a growing consensus amongst key forest decision-makers in Bangladesh that traditional forestry is needed to make the transition to more sustainable forestry, which is likely to involve local people in forest management. As a result, the government has initiated a social forestry program from 1981 with the assistance of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) loan and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) grant and operated mainly in Sal forest areas. The most important objective of this program is to protect, manage, and develop forests in a sustainable way by involving local communities. Although several studies have focused on the management issues of social forestry, none of these studies has evaluated the indicators of sustainable social forestry. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the criteria of sustainable development of social forestry in Bangladesh. The study is based on primary cross-sectional data collected using the multistage stratified sampling technique. In total, 581 social forestry farmers were selected randomly and interviewed using a pre-tested questionnaire. The study evaluated some important components of sustainable development and identified the following conditions of social forestry in Bangladesh:(i) almost all the components of sustainable development of social forestry, although not at the aspiration level, were at good condition;(ii) participants were interested and committed to work with Forest Department in developing social forestry;(iii) they had been utilizing both hard and soft technology in practicing social forestry, although there exists ample scope of development;(iv) income of participants after involving in social forestry had increased, although not at satisfactory level; and(v) process of producing social and material goods had been under progress.However, there exist plenty of scopes for sustainable social forestry development through improving the sustainable development components more carefully.Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

纤维质燃料正向阴燃传播的数值分析

根据多孔固体燃料3步反应动力学机理,建立了2D非稳态纤维质材料水平填充床正向阴燃的数学模型。阴燃的化学动力过程包括燃料吸热热解、燃料放热氧化及焦炭的放热氧化3个过程。该模型既考虑了固-气之间的热交换,也考虑到了气体在多孔介质内的扩散系数的变化。辐射换热采用扩散近似的方式在模型中予以考虑。应用该模型,数值模拟了来流速度对阴燃速度及平均最高温度的影响,结果表明:阴燃传播速度与来流速度基本上呈线性关系,来流速度对阴燃最高温度影响不大。同时也模拟了燃料阴燃温度分布、燃烧过程中气体组分(O2,CO,CO2,H2O)及固体成分(燃料、焦炭和灰分)的变化过程。数值计算阴燃速度与实验速度基本吻合。     

Activated fly ash/slag blended cement

This paper presents the results of the preparation of an ecological cementing material from granulated blast-furnace slag (GBFS) and Class C fly ash (CCFA). The desulphurization gypsum, calcined at 600–800 °C for 0.5–1.5 h, works as the main ingredient of the activator in the cementing material. The optimized formulation of the cementing material was obtained with the aid of factorial design method: slag, 70%; CCFA, 18%; activator, 12%. The “partial super-fine grinding process” was adopted to improve the performance, i.e., 85% of the mixture is ground to Blaine fineness of 3500 cm²/g, 15% further ground to around 5000 cm²/g. The compressive strength of 28 days of the cement mortar is up to 49 MPa and flexural strength 8.4 MPa. The hydration products, investigated by SEM and X-ray diffraction, are mainly ettringite and C–S–H gel.     

危险化学品泄漏扩散研究探讨

对危险化学品泄漏扩散的研究是事故应急救援的基础。针对近年来日益增多的危险化学品泄漏事故,本文从数学模型和计算机仿真模拟两方面系统评述了国内外危险化学品泄漏扩散方面的研究,其中数学模型研究主要分为“反求源强”模型和扩散模型两类,计算机仿真模拟主要分为静态离线仿真模拟和实时动态仿真模拟两类。在此基础上,提出了进一步研究的一般框架和研究的方向。     

Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Compost Composites for Biofiltration of Swine Waste Volatiles

In this study, a Poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA)/compost composite bead is prepared and is indicated suitable as a filter material for biofiltration. The optimal preparation process is with the compost size of 16–35 mesh, the ratio of water to compost of 40 g/15 g compost, and the immersion time in the phosphate solution of 60 min. The composite bead prepared by this process is a porous spherical particle with a diameter between 2.4 and 6.0 mm and a density of 0.96 g/cm³. It contains 9.43 mg P/g dry solid and 12.1 mg N/g dry solid. The equilibrium moisture content of the composite bead bed from adsorption and holding experiments is 50.5 and 54.6% on a wet basis respectively, which is about 1.74 times higher than that of swine manure compost bed. It corresponds to the optimal filter material required and is sufficient to sustain biological activity as the composite bead adsorbs equilibrium moisture. The bulk compressive strength of the composite bead bed is about 1.15 times larger than that of swine manure compost bed to ensure even distribution of air flow and reduce the head loss as the air flow stream passed through. The pH value of the filter bed could maintain in the 6.9–7.2 range during the operation period due to the composite bead has the phosphate buffer capacity. The percentage of ethyl acetate removal could remain at over 99% for 40 days operation while the composite beads adsorbed inorganic nitrate nutrients. The pressure drop of two kind composite beads and pig manure compost filter beds are 0 and 2 mm H₂O, respectively, after operating for 40 days.     

How Is Household Vulnerability Gendered? Female‐headed Households in the Collectives of Suleimaniyah,Iraqi Kurdistan

This research tries to reach an understanding of the well-being of female-headed household members through a comparison to male-headed household members in the collectives of the Suleimaniyah governorate in Iraqi Kurdistan. Research was undertaken in five collectives in Suleimaniyah during the summer of 1998. The research contributes to the current gender and development debates which are concerned with improving the understanding of the specific gendered forms of disadvantage faced by female-headed households rather than assuming the universal poverty of this group. An understanding of well-being is approached through a broad conceptualisation of vulnerability in preference to a narrow poverty definition. That the findings of this research are complex attests to the multi-dimensional and mutually constitutive gendered experiences of vulnerability. The definitive conclusion to emerge from this research is a refuting of the rhetoric-fuelled stereotype that households headed by women are at a disadvantage in all the dimensions of vulnerability in comparison to households headed by men. The research also establishes the methodological necessity of examining intra-household distributive mechanisms that determine individuals' well-being.     

环境保护新曙光——纳米材料在环保中的应用

本文介绍了纳米TiO2光催化性的作用机理以及在环境保护中的应用，并对其应用前景及存在的问题作了简要地阐述。此外还介绍了纳米氧化锌及纳米稀土钙钛矿复合氧化物等纳米材料在环境保护中的应用。     

利用粉煤灰制作新型建筑材料

粉煤灰不仅占用大量耕地,而且严重污染环境。针对东营地区粉煤灰的产生现状,积极开发粉煤灰的废物利用。通过对粉煤灰生产空心砌块的原料配比和生产工艺实施的调查,结果表明,利用粉煤灰生产新型建筑材料是减少占地和建材工业征地的有效途径,能变废为宝、化害为利,达到保护环境的目的。