Using fugacity to predict volatile emissions from layered materials with a clay/polymer diffusion barrier

Structural insulated panels (SIPs) have significant environmental and energy advantages. However, the tight structure that results may cause degraded indoor air quality and the potential release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from these layered materials must be considered. A physically based model for predicting VOC emissions from multi-layer materials is described. Fugacity is used to eliminate the concentration discontinuities at the interface between layers. This avoids an obstacle associated with numerically simulating mass transfer in composite materials. The numerical model is verified for a double-layer system by comparing predicted concentrations to those obtained with a previously published analytical model. In addition, hexanal emissions from multi-layer SIPs are simulated to demonstrate the usefulness of the fugacity approach. Finally, the multi-layer model is used to investigate the impact that clay/polyurethane nanocomposite diffusion barriers can have on VOC emissions. Indoor gas-phase concentrations can be greatly reduced with a barrier layer on the surface, thereby minimizing the environmental impact of SIPs.     

倒置AAO工艺中物料及能量流向的研究

通过对北京某城市污水厂的曝气池各单元及二沉池营养物质变化进行跟踪试验,分析该污水厂的活性污泥单元倒置AAO工艺部分碳、氮、磷的物料流向,并且基于物料平衡分析了工艺中的能量流向.     

Multivariate Statistics of the Pyrolysis Products of High Molecular Components in Pulping Wastewaters to Explain Their Toxicity (6 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope At present, large-scale paper manufacture involves delignification and bleaching by elemental chlorine free (ECF) or totally chlorine free (TCF) processes. The wastewater is purified by secondary treatment (mechanical, chemical and biological) which removes most of the toxic substances from the discharge. However, we found residual toxicity in the high molecular (> 1000 D) matter (HMWM) of the discharge by test of the RET (reverse electronic transfer) inhibition. This fraction consists mainly of polydisperse lignin (LIG) and carbohydrate (CH) macromolecules. Structural units in these molecules are studied by pyrolysis gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (Pyr-GC/MS). In the present work, our aim was to find out those structural units which could explain the RET toxicity of LIG or CH molecules. We compared statistically RET toxicity values of the HMWM samples from treated wastewaters of pilot pulping experiments and intensity variation of the pyrolysis product gas chromatograms of these samples. This application is a novel study procedure. Methods Pyrolysis products (Py-GC/MS results) and inhibition of RET (reverse electronic transport toxicity) as TU50 and TU20 of HMWM (High Molecular Weight Material; Mw > 1000 D) were compared by multivariate statistics. The samples were from laboratory pilot stages of TCF (Totally Chlorine Free) and ECF (Elemental Chlorine Free) manufacture of softwood pulp. Py-GC/MS was done without and with addition of TMAH (Tetra Methyl Ammonium Hydroxide). The name and structure of each abundant fragment compound was identified from its retention time and mass spectrum compared to authentic reference compounds or literature. Four sets of Toxicity Units (TUs) and GC peak areas of the pyrolysis fragments were obtained. The data were normalized by division with LIG (lignin content of each sample). TU values were dependent and the fragment values independent (explanatory) variables in statistical treatments by SPSS system. Separate analyses of correlations, principal components (PCA) and stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) were performed from the four sample sets TCF and ECF with and without TMAH. Results and Discussion From the CH fragments, 2-furfural in TCF, and from the LIG fragments, styrene in ECF showed the highest probabilities to originate from source structures of toxicity. Other possible compounds in concern were indicated to be CH fragment 2-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one in ECF and LIG fragments 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol, 4,5-dimethoxy-2-methylphenol and 2-methylphenol in TCF.     

不同堆制方法对牛粪和鸡粪发酵脱水的影响

以新鲜鸡、牛粪为材料 ,研究了不同堆制方法对粪便发酵温度与脱水率的影响。结果表明 :牛粪中添加 10 0g·kg-1的稻草在堆制开始 5d ,温度较高 ,但第 3 0天时脱水率反而低于添加 5 0g·kg-1稻草的处理 ;覆盖薄膜降低了粪便脱水速率 ;分批添加物料方法发酵 12d ,堆肥含水量由开始的 5 2 0g·kg-1下降到 5 0 3g·kg-1,而同期 1次添加物料方法发酵 ,堆肥水分含量为 5 5 4g·kg-1。     

室内装饰装修材料中苯、甲苯、二甲苯含量测定法改进

采用毛细管气相色谱法,对室内装饰装修材料中的苯、甲苯、二甲苯的测定进行了改进。称取样品后,用N,N-二甲基甲酰胺稀释定容,CBP20毛细管柱分离,可同时测定苯、甲苯、二甲苯的含量,数据准确,操作简单。     

阿勒泰地区土壤微量元素环境背景值分布特征

从土壤形成的自然环境特点，成土母岩、母质等方面了区域土壤环境背景值特征，为地区土地资源的合理开发利用、农牧业合理布局、土壤污染防治等提供基础资料。     

某型复合材料加速腐蚀与大气腐蚀当量关系分析

目的为开展某型飞机复合材料预腐蚀后疲劳寿命研究,获取其于加速腐蚀试验环境谱腐蚀和大气环境腐蚀的当量关系。方法编制模拟机场环境的加速腐蚀环境谱,据此分别开展材料试件加速腐蚀试验和大气腐蚀试验,试验过程中观测试件腐蚀形貌,开展两种环境预腐蚀后试件的层间剪切强度性能测试,依据等腐蚀损伤等层间剪切强度性能原则,计算该型复合材料实验室加速腐蚀与大气环境腐蚀的当量关系。结果加速腐蚀试验环境与大气环境对该型复合材料腐蚀存在当量关系,当量折算系数为2.22。结论飞机复合材料于不同环境中的腐蚀当量关系研究应结合研究问题需要,根据不同环境和不同力学性能指标开展研究,不同环境、不同力学性能指标会有不同的当量关系。     

某油气集输管线腐蚀失效分析

目的掌握管道腐蚀机理,有针对性地提出防腐方案。方法现场进行腐蚀管段截取和介质取样,采用腐蚀失效管段管材分析、腐蚀介质成分分析和腐蚀产物分析的试验方法,室内开展管道腐蚀失效原因检测和分析。结果失效管段内表面存在不均匀的沉积物,且部分位置发生了剥离脱落,存在裂缝。管道管材性能满足20#钢的性能指标要求。输送介质矿化度高,Cl-和SO42-含量高。腐蚀产物主要成分是几种Fe的氧化物和氢氧化物,如Fe(OH)2、Fe2O3和Fe O(OH)等,也含有部分氯化物和硫化物。结论管道在介质中主要腐蚀类型为腐蚀产物引起的闭塞腐蚀,介质内含有H2S,在含水条件下管道发生了O2和H2S腐蚀,最终使管壁减薄失效。     

长江经济带国家重点生态功能区生态补偿环境效率评价

环境效率是考量生态补偿政策实施效果的重要指标,对国家重点生态功能区生态补偿环境效率进行有效测度可以为完善我国生态补偿政策提供有益参考.采用三阶段DEA模型对长江经济带11个省市的国家重点生态功能区生态补偿环境效率水平、变化趋势及其差异性进行评价,通过线性数据转化方法对非期望环境负产出进行处理,并识别第三产业增加值占比等背景变量对投入产出效率的影响.结果表明:①长江经济带第三产业增加值占比对能源投入产出的影响显著（t值检验达到5%显著性水平）,进出口总额、人均GDP、人口密度等因素对各项投入产出的影响均不显著.②长江经济带11个省市2012-2017年综合技术效率均值在剔除背景因素和随机干扰前后未发生变化,但纯技术效率均值由调整前的0.94升至调整后的0.96,规模效率均值由调整前的0.94降至0.92,表明纯技术效率对提高环境效率起主导作用.③上游4个省市（重庆市、四川省、云南省、贵州省）与中下游7个省市（江西省、湖南省、湖北省、安徽省、江苏省、浙江省、上海市）生态补偿环境效率均值差距较大,其中,云南省的环境效率最低.研究显示,长江经济带11个省市的国家重点生态功能区生态补偿环境效率从上游到下游整体呈上升趋势,应在提高综合技术效率的同时,更加注重基本公共服务能力和生态环境保护双重目标的协调.      

中国食物生产消费系统碳素动态变化及其环境负荷

基于物质流原理,分析了1995~2016年中国食物生产消费系统的变化情况,测算并评价了食物生产消费系统碳素流动变化及食物碳消费导致的碳素环境负荷变化.结果表明：食物农业生产系统中碳汇和碳排总量整体均呈上升趋势,且碳汇增速明显高于碳排增速;食物生产系统碳素环境负荷中畜禽养殖产生的碳素环境负荷呈下降趋势,农用物资、农业活动及食物加工运输相关产生的碳环境负荷呈快速上升趋势.食物消费系统中,居民食物碳消费发生变化,居民碳消费结构从“以粮食碳消费为主”的饮食结构转变为“以粮食、肉类、食用植物油碳消费为主”的多元饮食结构,农村居民人均食物碳消费量由95.24kg/（人×a）降低至71.62kg/（人×a）,城镇居民人均食物碳消费量由52.06kg/（人×a）升至65.16kg/（人×a）.分析食物消费系统碳素环境负荷,进入大气的碳素环境负荷占主体地位,其次是土壤和水体,近年来进入土壤和水体的碳素比例增加.分析表明减少食物生产消费系统碳素环境负荷的措施,包括引导居民优化饮食结构,减少生活污水与厨余垃圾产生量,提高厨余垃圾与粪便还田比例,将系统中产生的废弃物内部循环利用等.