基于组件式GIS的环境管理信息系统开发——以永康市环境管理信息系统为例

结合数据库和组件式GIS技术,以永康市环境管理信息系统为例,采用客户/服务器系统结构、支持面向对象技术的程序语言、SuperMap控件,构成面向最终用户的可执行应用程序,满足环境管理与地理信息系统相结合的目的。     

内高压成形技术现状与发展趋势

介绍了内高压成形原理、工艺分类、优点、应用范围和适用材料 ,综述了国外内高压成形在工业领域尤其汽车工业的应用情况 ,给出了用内高压成形制造的典型结构件、枝杈管件、异形管件和空心轴类件。详细介绍了国内研制的 4 0 0MPa内高压成形机参数及在该设备上试制的铝合金管件、不锈钢管件、空心阶梯轴和轿车后轴纵臂等内高压成形件。最后探讨了内高压成形需要深入研究的课题和发展趋势     

长江江苏段岸线资源评价因子的定量分析与综合评价

评价因子的选择与定量获取是长江岸线资源评价的重要内容。以岸线稳定性、岸前水深、岸前水域宽度以及岸线陆域宽度作为评价因子,在GIS支持下,应用叠加分析与格网分析等技术方法,定量评价岸前水深和岸前水域宽度,对其中的技术环节作了详细说明;应用分形理论,对江苏长江段岸线以及可能影响岸线稳定性的岛屿进行了分形分维数计算,并以此为基础,应用多时相的卫星影像以及一些辅助资料来判断局部岸线的稳定性。在对4个单项因子评价单元的基础上,通过GIS叠加分析获取岸线的综合评价单元,应用因子赋分的方法对每一单元岸线进行综合评价。     

浅谈水土流失遥感定量模型及其因子算法

基于地理信息系统的遥感定量调查法是近年来新出现的水土流失调查方法 ,其核心部分就在于水土流失定量评价模型及其各参数的算式算法。本文主要介绍了几种主要的水土流失遥感定量评价模型的构成 ,并对其中USLE系列模型的因子的算式、算法进行了汇编。     

基于GIS城市机动车尾气扩散迁移研究

中国城市大气污染日趋严重，汽车尾气污染所占比重越来越大。交通、道路、管制及气候条件等是影响城市机动车尾气排放的主要因素。本文根据机动车尾气研究的实际，研究了专题MGIS数据库结构， 并以广州为例，建立了基于GIS的城市机动车尾气扩散迁移预报系统，在此基础上实现了机动车尾气污染状况的可视化。     

Chlorinated dibenzo-<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the baltic herrinj and sprat of estonian coastal waters

BACKGROUND, AIMS AND SCOPE: The concentration of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in many fish from the Baltic requires monitoring, since it approaches or exceeds the European Union threshold limit value of 4 pg TEQ/g wet weight of fish for human consumption. The concentrations, expressed in TEQs, are important for toxicology and regulations, but hide the concentrations of the individual congeners, which are important for other environmental sciences, source allocation, and for the detection of measurement errors. This report evaluates the results of a survey reported earlier only in the terms of the TEQ concentrations. METHODS: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the dimensions of the data (17 = 7 chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and 10 chlorinated dibenzofuran congeners) to three principal components. This facilitated the interpretation of the congener profiles. Slopes of the congener concentrations as a function of age of the fish were estimated by least squares regression. The results were compared with a large set of data for lake trout from Lake Ontario. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The congener profiles of Baltic herring are less scattered than those of sprat. The profiles of herring from the central Baltic differ from those of herring from the Gulf of Riga and both appear to be affected relatively minimally by the age of the fish. The congener profiles of herring from the western Gulf of Finland are similar to those from the central Baltic, those from middle Gulf of Finland are similar to those from the Gulf of Riga. Both seem to be more affected by age of the fish than the profiles of the first two groups. The concentrations of several pentachloro- and hexachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans increase with the age of the fish CONCLUSION: PCA is a good technique for the evaluation of the congener profiles. The resulting loading and score plots provide a good graphic summary of the multidimensional data. Additional analyses are needed to confirm the observed profile patterns. A comparison with the results of a long-term monitoring from another area shows that the age of the fish is a more important factor than the year of capture. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: The surveys should continue for a number of years and the results should be presented and evaluated both in terms of the TEQs as well as in terms of weight concentrations. Since the concentrations do not appear to change very much from year to year, it would be better to carry out surveys only every 3-4 years and, instead, stratify the sampling according to age and gender of the fish, and to analyze replicate extracts by replicate measurements. The inclusion of unmarked replicate samples would be a good quality assurance measure. It would be desirable to analyze additional parts of the food chain in order to understand the fate of the compounds in the ecosystem.     

Estimating erosion in a riverine watershed bayou liberty-tchefuncta river in louisiana

GOAL, SCOPE, BACKGROUND: Sheet erosion from agricultural, forest and urban lands may increase stream sediment loads as well as transport other pollutants that adversely affect water quality, reduce agricultural and forest production, and increase infrastructure maintenance costs. This study uses spatial analysis techniques and a numerical modeling approach to predict areas with the greatest sheet erosion potential given different soils disturbance scenarios. METHODS: A Geographic Information System (GIS) and the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) were used to estimate sheet erosion from 0.64 ha parcels of land within the watershed. The Soil Survey of St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana was digitized, required soil attributes entered into the GIS database, and slope factors determined for each 80 x 80 meter parcel in the watershed. The GIS/USLE model used series-specific erosion K factors, a rainfall factor of 89, and a GIS database of scenario-driven cropping and erosion control practice factors to estimate potential soil loss due to sheet erosion. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A general trend of increased potential sheet erosion occurred for all land use categories (urban, agriculture/grasslands, forests) as soil disturbance increases from cropping, logging and construction activities. Modeling indicated that rapidly growing urban areas have the greatest potential for sheet erosion. Evergreen and mixed forests (production forest) had lower sheet erosion potentials; with deciduous forests (mostly riparian) having the least sheet erosion potential. Erosion estimates from construction activities may be overestimated because of the value chosen for the erosion control practice factor. CONCLUSIONS: This study illustrates the ease with which GIS can be integrated with the Universal Soil Loss Equation to identify areas with high sheet erosion potential for large scale management and policy decision making. RECOMMENDATIONS: The GIS/USLE modeling approach used in this study offers a quick and inexpensive tool for estimating sheet erosion within watersheds using publicly available information. This method can quickly identify discrete locations with relatively precise spatial boundaries (approximately 80 meter resolution) that have a high sheet erosion potential as well as areas where management interventions might be appropriate to prevent or ameliorate erosion.     

GIS技术在城区大气降尘污染分区评价中的应用

应用地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）技术分析了焦作市城区大气降尘污染状况。根据１９９５年城区降尘实测数据,绘制了降尘量等值线图,分析了城区降尘污染持的空间分布特征,引入降尘污染指数,将降尘污染程度做了六级划分,并利用ＡＲＣ／ＩＮＦＯ软件进行图像处理,生成拓扑关系,从而对焦作城区降尘污染程度进行了分区和评价。     

北京市妫水河流域景观生态学分析

基于GIS的空间分析平台,以景观生态学的方法建模,分析了北京市妫水河流域的景观格局特征,并与妫水河平原的景观格局特征进行了比较,发现在妫水河平原范围内,由于人为干扰程度的加剧,整体生态格局的异质性下降、碎裂化增加,景观生态格局的稳定性和安全性比之妫水河流域有所下降.分析了妫水河流域面临的问题及其原因,进而提出妫水河流域生态恢复的建议和措施.