真空膜蒸馏处理发制品废水

采用聚丙烯平板膜组件,利用真空膜蒸馏处理发制品废水。考察了进料温度（45.0~70.0 ℃）、进料流量（60~150 L/h）、透过侧真空度（10.0~85.0 kPa）、废水pH、表面活性剂对膜性能的影响。在冷却水流量60 L/h、进料流量120 L/h、进料温度60.0 ℃、透过侧真空度75.0 kPa、废水pH约1.5的条件下,分别对实际发制品废水和模拟发制品废水进行了36 h的运行测试。实验结果表明：两种废水的平均膜渗透通量分别为32.09 kg/（m²·h）和32.66 kg/（m²·h）,截留率分别保持在99.54%和99.83%以上;产水的pH约为6.8,COD和TDS几乎为0,完全满足《污水综合排放标准》（GB 8978—1996）中的二级排放标准。     

Ce-Fe/ZSM-5催化剂NH3选择性催化还原NO性能研究

通过浸渍法将Ce和Fe负载在ZSM-5载体上,制备了1.40%Fe/ZSM-5（数字为金属组分的质量分数,下同）、0.25%Ce/ZSM-5、0.25%Ce-1.40%Fe/ZSM-5和0.50%Ce-1.40%Fe/ZSM-5催化剂。对催化剂进行了表征并研究了其NH₃选择性催化还原（NH₃-SCR）NO的性能。实验结果表明,双金属改性的0.25%Ce-1.40%Fe/ZSM-5催化剂的活性温度窗口范围最广,在350~450 ℃范围内NO转化率超过98%。Ce和Fe以无定型氧化物的形态良好分散在ZSM-5载体表面,没有改变ZSM-5分子筛的微孔结构。0.25%Ce-1.40%Fe/ZSM-5催化剂的有效还原峰面积更大,孤立Fe³⁺和Ce⁴⁺物种含量更多,氧化还原性能显著,催化剂表面具有丰富的中等强度酸性位且酸量较大,有利于 NH₃-SCR 反应的进行。     

炼油厂IGCC电站NOx排放控制技术比较与工程实践

针对IGCC电站烟气排放ρ（NO_x）不达标的问题,分别采用燃气轮机注氮脱硝和余热锅炉（余热蒸汽发生器,HRSG ）SCR脱硝技术降低烟气的NO_x排放量。介绍了两种技术的原理,比较了两种技术的脱硝效果、运行成本及技术特点。实际运行结果表明：安装了注氮设备的燃气轮机可以控制排气的ρ（NO_x）小于90 mg/m³,但每年的运行成本较高（达2 250万元）;在余热锅炉中安装SCR脱硝设备,性能测试数据符合设计要求,SCR出口ρ（NO_x）小于50 mg/m³,且每年的运行成本较低,仅为422万元。     

中和—絮凝法回收硝酸型退锡废水中的锡

将传统的中和法和絮凝法相结合,采用中和—絮凝法回收硝酸型褪锡废水中的锡,考察了反应终点体系pH、碱液浓度、絮凝剂浓度等因素对锡回收效果的影响。实验结果表明,在NaOH溶液浓度为6 mol/L、反应终点体系pH为0.8、聚丙烯酰胺溶液质量浓度为3 g/L的工艺条件下,可得到干基锡含量54.6%（w）的高品位锡泥。与传统的单一中和/絮凝法相比,采用中和—絮凝法不仅可以有效提高生产效率,而且减少了碱液和絮凝剂用量,回收锡之后体系中大量的硝酸可进一步回收利用。     

Roads,Interrupted Dispersal,and Genetic Diversity in Timber Rattlesnakes

Abstract: Anthropogenic habitat modification often creates barriers to animal movement, transforming formerly contiguous habitat into a patchwork of habitat islands with low connectivity. Roadways are a feature of most landscapes that can act as barriers or filters to migration among local populations. Even small and recently constructed roads can have a significant impact on population genetic structure of some species, but not others. We developed a research approach that combines fine‐scale molecular genetics with behavioral and ecological data to understand the impacts of roads on population structure and connectivity. We used microsatellite markers to characterize genetic variation within and among populations of timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus) occupying communal hibernacula (dens) in regions bisected by roadways. We examined the impact of roads on seasonal migration, genetic diversity, and gene flow among populations. Snakes in hibernacula isolated by roads had significantly lower genetic diversity and higher genetic differentiation than snakes in hibernacula in contiguous habitat. Genetic‐assignment analyses revealed that interruption to seasonal migration was the mechanism underlying these patterns. Our results underscore the sizeable impact of roads on this species, despite their relatively recent construction at our study sites (7 to 10 generations of rattlesnakes), the utility of population genetics for studies of road ecology, and the need for mitigating effects of roads.     

顶空-固相微卒取-气相色谱测定水体中痕量苯系物

对测定水体中痕量苯系物的顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱法的固相微萃取条件进行了对比优化,经过对水体中的7种苯系物对比实验,确定了顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱法的固相微萃取的最佳实验条件为：选用75μmCAR/PDMS萃取涂层,加入与水质量比为40%的氯化钠,于20℃温度下萃取40min,解析3min。方法检出限为0.12～0.19μg/L,相对标准偏差2.0%～3.9%。依据确定的优化条件,用不同类型的水样对优化后的试验条件进行了验证试验,回收率在96.2%～102.0%之间,表明优化后的试验条件适用于多类型水体中痕量苯系物的分析测定。     

外源铁、磷对堆肥腐熟的影响及“腐殖酸-Fe-P”复合体的形成初探

针对堆肥过程中氮素损失严重,产品品质低下的问题,试验以FeCl3和Ca3（PO4）2（干质量比1∶1）混合物分别按10%（处理A）和15%（处理B）的比例添加到堆肥原料中,以未加任何外源物质的处理作为对照,进行添加外源铁、磷是否会促进堆肥腐熟、提高产品品质的研究。结果表明,与对照处理相比,外源铁、磷对堆肥油菜籽（Brassica napus）发芽率指数影响不大,但产品的氮素含量明显提高,分别高于对照1.42%和1.17%;外源铁、磷加速有机质的分解,有机质分解率分别高于对照处理13%和3.3%;外源铁、磷对堆肥产品腐殖酸结合的Fe含量分别为对照处理的4.4倍和1.98倍,铁结合的磷含量分别为9.12、5.91g·kg-1,对照处理仅为2.21g·kg-1,并通过相关文献讨论,提出堆肥体中可能形成了＂腐殖酸-Fe-P＂三元复合体的假设。从作用和成本上来看,处理A的添加比例较处理B合适。     

包气带不同深度土壤对甲苯和三氯乙烯的吸附研究

采用批实验研究了华北平原地下水中检出率较高的三氯乙烯和甲苯在沿污水河包气带不同深度土壤中的吸附情况。从3个地点分析结果来看,其中有机碳（OC）的质量分数均较低（最高为1.01%）。在河床和近河处土壤对甲苯和三氯乙烯的吸附总体上呈现出浅部土壤吸附性强的特点。在实验浓度范围内,土壤中无机矿物对有机污染物（特别是三氯乙烯）的表面吸附扮演了重要角色。土壤对甲苯的吸附表现出了强烈的非线性,而对三氯乙烯的吸附表现出了良好的线性关系。甲苯的吸附与土壤有机碳质量分数的关系要比三氯乙烯更密切,这说明了吸附作用过程与有机化合物的分子结构、疏水性等方面的性质也有关系。     

杀菌剂叶青双在水中的降解特性研究

提出了一种检测水中叶青双及其降解物２－氨基－５－巯基－１,３,４－噻二唑的反相高效液相色谱分析法,进行了叶青双的水解、光解以及池塘水中自然降解的模拟试验。研究表明：叶青双在水中降解非常快,光解是其降解的主要方式,同时水解也对叶青双的降解有很大贡献。从叶青双的主要降解产物在水中的光解以及叶青双在自然池塘中模拟试验来看,叶青双的降解产物在水中也不稳定。由此得出叶青双在稻区正常使用情况下,不会对水环境及鱼类构成威胁的结论。     

Photo-Induced OH reactions of naphthalene and its oxidation products on SiO2

The photo-induced degradation of naphthalene, 1,4-naphthoquinone, 1-naphthol and 1-NO₂ naphthalene, adsorbed on silica gel, and with the addition of nitrogenous air pollutants e.g. NO₂ (as KNO₂) was investigated. Results indicate that compounds adsorbed onto a solid carrier are degraded when irradiated with UV light (λ > 290 nm) in the presence of nitrites. The key species initiating the naphthalene degradation is the OH-radical which is generated through the photolysis of NO₂. Reaction products identified were 2-formyl-cinnamaldehyde, 1,4-naphthoquinone, nitronaphthol, o-phthaldialdehyde, phthalide and nitronaphthalene. A mass balance between 40–50% was achieved. Under the same irradiation conditions, 1-NO₂ naphthalene is mainly degraded by direct photolysis while degradation of 1-naphthol and 1,4-naphthoquinone proceeds via the reaction with OH-radicals. Identified products were hydroxy-nitro-nitroso- and quinones compounds.