Evaluation of the technoeconomic feasibility of electrochemical hydrogen peroxide production for decentralized water treatment

• Gas diffusion electrode (GDE) is a suitable setup for practical water treatment. • Electrochemical H₂O₂ production is an economically competitive technology. • High current efficiency of H₂O₂ production was obtained with GDE at 5–400 mA/cm². • GDE maintained high stability for H₂O₂ production for ~1000 h. • Electro-generation of H₂O₂ enhances ibuprofen removal in an E-peroxone process. This study evaluated the feasibility of electrochemical hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production with gas diffusion electrode (GDE) for decentralized water treatment. Carbon black-polytetrafluoroethylene GDEs were prepared and tested in a continuous flow electrochemical cell for H₂O₂ production from oxygen reduction. Results showed that because of the effective oxygen transfer in GDEs, the electrode maintained high apparent current efficiencies (ACEs,>80%) for H₂O₂ production over a wide current density range of 5–400 mA/cm², and H₂O₂ production rates as high as ~202 mg/h/cm² could be obtained. Long-term stability test showed that the GDE maintained high ACEs (>85%) and low energy consumption (<10 kWh/kg H₂O₂) for H₂O₂ production for 42 d (~1000 h). However, the ACEs then decreased to ~70% in the following 4 days because water flooding of GDE pores considerably impeded oxygen transport at the late stage of the trial. Based on an electrode lifetime of 46 days, the overall cost for H₂O₂ production was estimated to be ~0.88 $/kg H₂O₂, including an electricity cost of 0.61 $/kg and an electrode capital cost of 0.27 $/kg. With a 9 cm² GDE and 40 mA/cm² current density, ~2–4 mg/L of H₂O₂ could be produced on site for the electro-peroxone treatment of a 1.2 m³/d groundwater flow, which considerably enhanced ibuprofen abatement compared with ozonation alone (~43%–59% vs. 7%). These findings suggest that electrochemical H₂O₂ production with GDEs holds great promise for the development of compact treatment technologies for decentralized water treatment at a household and community level.     

通过式固相萃取/超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蔬菜中18种农药残留

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS;MS)快速测定蔬菜中18种农药残留的方法.样品经乙腈提取后,经Oasis PRiME HLB固相萃取柱净化,采用ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18(50 mm×2.1 mm,1.8μm)色谱柱进行分离,以0.1%甲酸水溶液和乙腈作为流动相进行梯度洗脱.采用电喷雾电离源、正离子模式下以多反应监测(MRM)进行定性和定量分析.结果表明,18种农药在0.5—50μg·L^-1范围内线性关系良好(r2>0.995),方法最低检出限为0.4—1.5μg·kg^-1,最低定量限为1.4—5.0μg·kg^-1.在韭菜、芹菜、番茄、白菜基质中,5、10、50μg·kg^-1添加水平下的加标回收率为60.2%—126.9%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.4%—21.6%(n=3).     

纸喷雾离子源质谱对易燃液体的快速分析方法研究

为提高对易燃液体的快速检测分析能力,在经典纸喷雾质谱的基础上,发展建立了三种新型的基于纸喷雾离子化的质谱方法,分别为基于针尖辅助纸喷雾质谱、基于导电纸辅助纸喷雾质谱、基于金属网辅助纸喷雾质谱。结果显示,在优化的实验条件下,可以迅速检测到样品中的目标化合物质子化峰。对于汽油样品,目标化合物主要是烷基吡啶类同系物;对于柴油样品,目标化合物主要是几种系列的含氮杂环芳香族化合物的同系物。对汽油和柴油样品的检测浓度均能达到5×103 ppm。这三种敞开式离子源质谱方法在对易燃液体的分析中,具有选择性好、无需样品前处理、分析迅速的特点。     

包埋固定化硝化污泥处理氨氮废水的过程特性

采用聚乙烯醇（PVA）包埋硝化效能良好的活性污泥制备固定化颗粒,针对不同初始氨氮浓度的模拟废水,基于序批式间歇反应器小试实验,探讨了包埋颗粒的传质效能与氮去除过程特性.实验结果表明：颗粒体积投加率为10%,实验水温为26~30℃,pH值为7.5~8.5,反应器DO浓度为4~5mg/L的条件下,各初始氨氮浓度（50~400mg/L）稳定期包埋颗粒最大氨氮去除负荷为61.8~242.3mgN/（L-particles·h）.包埋颗粒对氨氮的去除较符合零级反应动力学模型,其最大氨氧化速率（μ_max）为271.40mgN/（L-particles·h）,半饱和常数K_s为66.69mg/L,包埋颗粒内氨和氧的有效扩散系数（D_e）分别为0.467×10^-9m²/s、0.279×10^-9m²/s.SEM观察和比表面积测试结果表明,与新鲜颗粒相比,稳定期颗粒内部的比表面积和平均孔径增加.包埋颗粒,活性污泥,包埋颗粒与活性污泥混合3种体系对比实验表明,各初始氨氮浓度条件下混合体系可显著强化生物硝化与脱氮过程,并发生同时硝化反硝化现象.     

一起钢质无缝气瓶爆炸事故技术分析

文章简要描述了一起消防气体灭火钢质气瓶爆炸事故,对爆炸气瓶进行了断口分析、金相试验和理化试验,并分析了事故的原因,提醒制造厂家规范制造工艺,对预防类似事故的发生具有一定的参考意义。     

气相色谱-三重四级杆质谱测定环境样品中17种二 英

研究了基于Agilent气相色谱-三重四级杆质谱测定环境样品中17种二 英的分析方法.结果表明,在浓度范围0.5~2000ng/mL之间具有良好的线性,17种二 英的相对响应因子在0.96~1.21之间,相对标准偏差< 14%,定量限范围在0.080~2.83pg/μL之间,适合环境样品中超痕量二 英的分析.利用该方法对第15轮二 英国际实验室比对的沉积物样品进行了测试,总I-TEQ值落在Intercal给定的中位值±标准偏差范围内.研究选取污染源烟道气、飞灰、土壤和沉积物等40多个环境样品进行测试,并与高分辨质谱测定结果比较表明,当环境样品中二 英浓度在0~60ng I-TEQ范围,两者数据具有较好的线性相关性,R2=0.997.就17种单体而言,利用三重四级杆质谱测定的2,3,7,8-TCDF和1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF结果会高于高分辨质谱,而1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD的结果低于高分辨质谱的测定值.鉴于三重四级杆质谱在购置、维护和能耗等方面的低成本优势,本方法可作为简易经济的环境中超痕量二 英的分析方法.     

加速溶剂萃取(ASE)-固相萃取(SPE)-高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定土壤中青霉素钠

建立了一种加速溶剂萃取(ASE)-固相萃取(SPE)-高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定土壤中青霉素钠的简单、快速的方法.样品以超纯水为提取溶剂,50℃提取温度为ASE提取条件参数;HLB型固相萃取柱富集净化:6.0mL 5%甲醇淋洗、4.0mL乙腈-甲醇(1∶1)洗脱;高效液相色谱-紫外检测器(HPLC-PDA)测定,检测波长λ=191.1nm,柱温30℃,流动相为乙腈-0.1%甲酸/水(1∶1),采用等梯度洗脱程序,取得较好的检测分离效果.对0.5、2.0、8.0mg·kg-1等3个不同添加浓度水平的青霉素钠平均加标回收率范围为73.1%—89.7%,回收率相对标准偏差RSD范围为1.1%—2.9%(n=5),检出限可达235.0μg·L-1.结果表明,该方法操作简单,快速,准确度和精密度均符合质量控制要求,能够满足环境土壤样本中痕量青霉素钠检测分析的要求.     

Limiting explosible concentration of hydrogen–oxygen–helium mixtures related to the practical operational case

This paper presents data on the limiting (minimum) concentrations of hydrogen in oxygen, in the presence of added helium, at elevated temperature and pressure related to the practical operational case. A 5 L explosion vessel, an ignition sub-system and a transient pressure measurement sub-system were used. Through a series of experiments carried out using this system, the limiting concentrations of hydrogen in oxygen and helium at different initial pressures and temperatures for the practical operational case were studied, and the influence of ignition energy and initial temperature on the limiting concentration of hydrogen in oxygen and helium was analyzed and discussed. The variation of ignition energy within the studied range is found to have a significant effect on the limiting concentration of hydrogen in oxygen and helium at lower initial temperature. However, when the ignition energy is higher than 32 mJ, the limiting hydrogen concentration remains almost changeless as the initial temperature increases from 21 °C to 90 °C. The limiting explosible concentration of hydrogen–oxygen–helium mixture decreases as the ignition energy increases when the initial temperature is lower. When the initial temperature is higher, the ignition energy has little effect on the limiting hydrogen concentration of hydrogen–oxygen–helium mixtures. When the initial temperature reaches 90 °C, the limiting hydrogen concentration remains almost changeless with an increase in ignition energy. The limiting explosible concentration of hydrogen in the mixtures, at the initial temperature of 21 °C and the ignition energy of 0.5 mJ, is 8.5% and that of oxygen is 11.25%.     

Dynamic behavior of direct spring loaded pressure relief valves in gas service: Model development,measurements and instability mechanisms

A synthesis of previous literature is used to derive a model of an in-service direct-spring pressure relief valve. The model couples low-order rigid body mechanics for the valve to one-dimensional gas dynamics within the pipe. Detailed laboratory experiments are also presented for three different commercially available values, for varying mass flow rates and length of inlet pipe. In each case, violent oscillation is found to occur beyond a critical pipe length, which may be triggered either on valve opening or closing. The test results compare favorably to the simulations using the model. In particular, the model reveals that the mechanism of instability is a Hopf bifurcation (flutter instability) involving the fundamental, quarter-wave pipe mode. Furthermore, the concept of the effective area of the valve as a function of valve lift is shown to be useful in explaining sudden jumps observed in the test data. It is argued that these instabilities are not alleviated by the 3% inlet line loss criterion that has recently been proposed as an industry standard.     

Optimization of HSE in maintenance activities by integration of continuous improvement cycle and fuzzy multivariate approach: A gas refinery

Gas refineries have been continuously focusing on Health, Safety and Environment programs to improve maintenance activities. Several researches have studied on this area with different analysis methods. This study presents an integrated approach for optimization of factors contributing to the implementation of Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) in maintenance activities. HSE managers in each sector answered standard questionnaire whit respect to HES. The methodology is based on fuzzy data envelopment analysis (FDEA) and Deming's continuous improvement cycle. Also, this method is used to rank the relevant performance efficiencies in certain and uncertain conditions of each HSE sectors whit considering HSE in maintenance activities. It corresponds and integrates its registered HSE-MS with OHSAS 18001:2007 and ISO 14001:2004 to evaluate multiple inputs and outputs of over 36 subsidiary HSE divisions with parallel mission and objectives simultaneously. Also, it determines efficient target indices and could assure continuous improvement in the organization. This is the first study that introduces an integrated approach to improve HSE management programs in a gas refinery by a robust and continuous improvement approach.