上海城区硝基芳香族化合物的化学组成及特征分析

为研究硝基芳香族化合物(NACs)在上海城区大气中的浓度水平、组成特征以及与气态前体物关系,采用大流量采样器采集了2020～2021年上海城区大气细颗粒物PM_2.5冬季39个和夏季46个样品,利用超高效液相色谱-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱,对其中12个NACs物质进行了定量分析,结合后向轨迹、前体物及气象要素等相关性分析,并对其中含CHON类物质进行分子组成和分类分析.结果表明,冬季ρ(NACs)平均值(17.1 ng·m^-3)是夏季(5.7 ng·m^-3)的3倍,冬季气团主要来自于北方,夏季气团则主要来自于较清洁的东南部海洋.冬季NACs组成中含量最丰富的物种为4-硝基苯酚,夏季则为4-硝基苯酚(清洁天)和4-羟基-3-硝基苯甲酸(污染天),冬、夏两季均表现出昼高夜低的特点.单环和多环芳烃化合物识别和表征的芳环等值数(Xc)以及O/C和H/C值等特征的定性分析结果表明,上海城区冬、夏两季PM_2.5中CHON类化合物主要是芳香族化合物,且在PM_2.5污染天检测到的CHON类化合物的...     

Interaction of silver nanoparticles with mediterranean agricultural soils: Lab-controlled adsorption and desorption studies

The production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has increased tremendously during recent years due to their antibacterial and physicochemical properties. As a consequence, these particles are released inevitably into the environment, with soil being the main sink of disposal. Soil interactions have an effect on AgNP mobility, transport and bioavailability. To understand AgNP adsorption processes, lab-controlled kinetic studies were performed. Batch tests performed with five different Mediterranean agricultural soils showed that cation exchange capacity and electrical conductivity are the main parameters controlling the adsorption processes. The adsorption kinetics of different sized (40, 75, 100 and 200?nm) and coated (citrate, polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyethyleneglycol (PEG)) AgNPs indicated that these nanoparticle properties have also an effect on the adsorption processes. To assess the mobility and bioavailability of AgNPs and to determine if their form is maintained during adsorption/desorption processes, loaded soils were submitted to leaching tests three weeks after batch adsorption studies. The DIN 38414-S4 extraction method indicated that AgNPs were strongly retained on soils, and single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry confirmed that silver particles maintained their nanoform, except for 100?nm PEG-AgNPs and 40?nm citrate-coated AgNPs. The DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) leaching test was more effective in extracting silver, but there was no presence of AgNPs in almost all of these leachates.     

环境大气中半/中等挥发性有机物(S/IVOCs)的测量技术进展

总结了环境大气中半/中等挥发性有机物（S/IVOCs）的主要测量技术及其进展,重点介绍了基于气相色谱技术和化学电离质谱技术的测量方法.S/IVOCs的测量主要由气相色谱技术开始发展,并随着质谱技术的发展而不断发展.基于气相色谱技术的测量方法,能够直接测量非极性化合物,但在面对组分多达千万种的复杂体系时,传统的一维色谱相对耗时,而且由于峰容量不够,峰重叠现象十分严重,难以实现全组分的准确分离.新近发展的多维分离系统如全二维气相色谱,通过正交的分离系统,能够实现复杂体系中物种组分的准确、快速分离.目前基于化学电离质谱技术的在线测量方法已经逐渐应用于S/IVOCs的测量,虽然在物种定性方面相对较弱,但其可提供高时间分辨率的测量结果,帮助分析S/IVOCs在大气中的快速变化.在未来的研究中,高时间分辨率和全组分准确测量是S/IVOCs研究的关键.     

Characterization of seawater and aerosol particle surfactants using solid phase extraction and mass spectrometry

Surface-active organic molecules (surfactants) may influence the ability of an aerosol particle to act as a cloud condensation nuclei by reducing its surface tension. One source of organic mass in aerosol particles, which may also contain surfactants, is bubble bursting on the sea surface. In order to directly compare these molecules in the ocean and aerosol particles, we developed a method using multiple solid phase extractions and high resolution mass spectrometry to characterize surface active organic molecules in both. This method has extraction efficiencies greater than 85%, 75%, and 60% for anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactant standards, respectively. In this study, we demonstrate the presence of three ionic classes of surface active organics in atmospheric aerosol particles and estuarine water from Skidaway Island, GA. With this extraction method, organic molecules from both estuarine water and atmospheric aerosol particles significantly reduced surface tension of pure water (surface tension depression of ~ 18 mN/m) and had high ratios of hydrogen to carbon (H/C) and low ratios of oxygen to carbon (O/C), indicative of surfactants. While previous work has observed a larger fraction of anionic surface active organics in seawater and marine aerosol particles, here we show cationic surface active organics may make up a large fraction of the total surface active molecules in estuarine water (43%–47%).     

Determination of carazolol in pharmaceutical formulations by gas‐liquid‐chromatography (GLC)

A gas‐liquid‐chromatographic procedure for the quantitative determination of authentic carazolol and carazolol in tablets (Conducton^(R)?) has been described. Carazolol in tablets was extracted with absolute alcohol before injecting onto the gas Chromatograph. The concentration range adopted varied between 0.2 mg to 1.0 mg/ml of carazolol in alcohol solution. The results obtained were 97.6%±3.2 and 98.4%±2.6 for the stated and added amounts respectively.     

Safety line method for the prediction of deep coal-seam gas pressure and its application in coal mines

Gas pressure is an important index for evaluating the outburst risk and determining the gas content in coal seams. It is recommended to predict coal-seam gas pressure of the workface at deep levels before extending mining activities to deeper levels. According to the prediction results, measurements are taken for gas outburst prevention and control and for workload estimation. At present, regression methods are always used to process the numerous gas pressure data for prediction. Because there are many factors that influence the gas pressure which could lead to a deviation from actual values, the measured data do not possess basic conditions for regression methods; this can cause unexpected dangers if the methods are adopted.Based on a statistical analysis of actual measured results of coal-seam gas pressure in a same geological section in certain coal mine, two symbol measured points are selected to make a line for prediction, i.e. safety line, and the other measured points should be below the line except the abnormal points due to the confined water. It has been successfully applied in numerous coal mines in China. Particularly, this method is analyzed in this paper for the case of the No. 8₂ coal seam in the Taoyuan coal mine in Huaibei coalfield, China. By comparatively analyzing the relationship between gas pressure and depth from surface using regression methods, it is found that the safety line method could lead to a better prediction for deep coal-seam gas pressure, and therefore promote early warning ability and mining safety.     

Unignited High-Pressure Methane Jet Impinging a Pipe Rack: Practical Tools for Risk Assessment

Although the diffusion of its storage and transport under liquefied conditions, nowadays it is common to have methane in gaseous form in several industrial applications. This leads to safety implications to be considered: hazards are linked to both the high-pressure at which the gas is kept and to its flammability. Scenarios where flammable jets impact an obstacle are of paramount importance because of their possible occurrence. Following a numerical approach, literature shows up that their assessment can be reliably performed by means of only Computational Fluid Dynamics tools. However, despite the improvements of computing power, Computational Fluid Dynamics costs still limit its use in daily risk analysts’ activities. Therefore, considering an accidental jet-obstacle scenario of industrial interest, the present work investigates how a pipe rack can influence the development of a high-pressure methane jet. Based on a Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis, main achievements of this work are a simple criterion able to identify the situations where the pipe rack does not influence the high-pressure methane jet behavior, therefore allowing to identify the scenarios where simpler models can be used (i.e., analytical correlations known for the free jet situation), and, if present, a simple analytical relationship that roughly predicts the influence of the pipe rack without the need of performing complex Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations.     

石油化工企业火气系统安全性评估方法

火气系统属于减缓层内的安全仪表系统,在减轻事故后果方面起到非常重要的作用。针对传统火气系统只满足功能需求设计的不足,提出与风险分析相结合的火气系统设计新理念,以具体案例分析场景危险性,通过覆盖率、可用性、有效性等参数,定量场景的潜在生命损失,以风险降低为目的,量化计算事故后果和频率,评估火气系统的有效性。     

Qualitative risk assessment of a Dual Fuel (LNG-Diesel) system for heavy-duty trucks

A Dual Fuel (LNG-Diesel) system can be applied to heavy-duty diesel trucks for achieving environmental benefits in comparison to existing diesel vehicles. Because of lack of reports about risk assessment of this technology, we performed a qualitative assessment based on a framework of some literature techniques for risk identification, analysis and evaluation. After constructing a Reliability Block Diagram (RBD) to establish the context, we conducted bow-tie analysis, Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), likelihood and consequence analysis, and used a risk matrix. We applied these methods and techniques qualitatively to identify causes (e.g. collisions), critical events (e.g. releases of natural gas), related consequences (e.g. fires and explosions), and different possible pathways from a specific cause to its consequence, and to assess some negative accident scenarios related to use and parking of the vehicle. The bow-tie analysis also allowed to make explicit barriers and controls that prevent critical events and/or mitigate consequences. Therefore, we identified a set of safety measures, including design, technical, management, and emergency actions, which shall be implemented in each step of the system's life cycle.Our risk assessment showed that the risk level of the Dual Fuel (LNG-Diesel) system is similar to the risk level of a traditional diesel system. Future research will overcome current lack of data and, therefore, permit a quantitative rating of the risk of the Dual Fuel (LNG-Diesel) system.