Optimization of the O3/H2O2 process with response surface methodology for pretreatment of mother liquor of gas field wastewater

• Real ML-GFW with high salinity and high organics was degraded by O₃/H₂O₂ process. • Successful optimization of operation conditions was attained using RSM based on CCD. • Single-factor experiments in advance ensured optimal experimental conditions. • The satisfactory removal efficiency of TOC was achieved in spite of high salinity. • The initial pH plays the most significant role in the degradation of ML-GFW. The present study reports the use of the O₃/H₂O₂ process in the pretreatment of the mother liquor of gas field wastewater (ML-GFW), obtained from the multi-effect distillation treatment of the gas field wastewater. The range of optimal operation conditions was obtained by single-factor experiments. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on the central composite design (CCD) was used for the optimization procedure. A regression model with Total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency as the response value was established (R² = 0.9865). The three key factors were arranged according to their significance as: pH>H₂O₂ dosage>ozone flow rate. The model predicted that the best operation conditions could be obtained at a pH of 10.9, an ozone flow rate of 0.8 L/min, and H₂O₂ dosage of 6.2 mL. The dosing ratio of ozone was calculated to be 9.84 mg O₃/mg TOC. The maximum removal efficiency predicted was 75.9%, while the measured value was 72.3%. The relative deviation was found to be in an acceptable range. The ozone utilization and free radical quenching experiments showed that the addition of H₂O₂ promoted the decomposition of ozone to produce hydroxyl radicals (·OH). This also improved the ozone utilization efficiency. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that most of the organic matters in ML-GFW were degraded, while some residuals needed further treatment. This study provided the data and the necessary technical supports for further research on the treatment of ML-GFW.     

Evaluation of the technoeconomic feasibility of electrochemical hydrogen peroxide production for decentralized water treatment

• Gas diffusion electrode (GDE) is a suitable setup for practical water treatment. • Electrochemical H₂O₂ production is an economically competitive technology. • High current efficiency of H₂O₂ production was obtained with GDE at 5–400 mA/cm². • GDE maintained high stability for H₂O₂ production for ~1000 h. • Electro-generation of H₂O₂ enhances ibuprofen removal in an E-peroxone process. This study evaluated the feasibility of electrochemical hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production with gas diffusion electrode (GDE) for decentralized water treatment. Carbon black-polytetrafluoroethylene GDEs were prepared and tested in a continuous flow electrochemical cell for H₂O₂ production from oxygen reduction. Results showed that because of the effective oxygen transfer in GDEs, the electrode maintained high apparent current efficiencies (ACEs,>80%) for H₂O₂ production over a wide current density range of 5–400 mA/cm², and H₂O₂ production rates as high as ~202 mg/h/cm² could be obtained. Long-term stability test showed that the GDE maintained high ACEs (>85%) and low energy consumption (<10 kWh/kg H₂O₂) for H₂O₂ production for 42 d (~1000 h). However, the ACEs then decreased to ~70% in the following 4 days because water flooding of GDE pores considerably impeded oxygen transport at the late stage of the trial. Based on an electrode lifetime of 46 days, the overall cost for H₂O₂ production was estimated to be ~0.88 $/kg H₂O₂, including an electricity cost of 0.61 $/kg and an electrode capital cost of 0.27 $/kg. With a 9 cm² GDE and 40 mA/cm² current density, ~2–4 mg/L of H₂O₂ could be produced on site for the electro-peroxone treatment of a 1.2 m³/d groundwater flow, which considerably enhanced ibuprofen abatement compared with ozonation alone (~43%–59% vs. 7%). These findings suggest that electrochemical H₂O₂ production with GDEs holds great promise for the development of compact treatment technologies for decentralized water treatment at a household and community level.     

可变径管道漏磁检测有限元仿真与实验研究

为了更好地支持压力管道检验,降低事故率,本文基于漏磁检测原理,利用有限元分析软件建立了管道外漏磁检测模型,对管道漏磁检测进行了仿真计算,得到了缺陷处漏磁场特征曲线,模拟了圆柱形缺陷对管道外壁漏磁场的影响,得出了不同参数缺陷对漏磁场的影响规律,并且基于理论和有限元计算结果试制了可变径管道外漏磁检测仪的样机,利用该检测仪对壁厚为8mm的带有人工缺陷的管道进行扫描检测,研究不同参数缺陷对漏磁场信号的影响规律。结果表明,所得结果与有限元仿真的结果吻合良好,且缺陷检测精度及效果满足要求,另外,检测装置对内外壁缺陷检测同样可行有效,适合特种设备（压力管道）检测的工程应用。     

城镇燃气埋地含缺陷聚乙烯管道应力分析

建立了埋地含缺陷聚乙烯管道模型,应用有限元方法计算管道的应力和变形量,分别考虑管道内压、地面载荷和管道缺陷深度变化对管道应力和变形的影响。研究结果表明,管道最大应力随管道内压的增大而增大;随地面载荷的增加呈先减小后增大趋势;随管道缺陷深度增大而增大。管道变形量随内压增大而增大,但增长较小;随地面载荷增大而增大,增长较大;管道缺陷深度只对管道缺陷处变形量有影响。研究结果为确定城镇燃气聚乙烯管道工作能力提供了理论依据。     

截断阀室水淹后管道沉降的防护技术研究

为了保证长输天然气管道的安全运行,需要对其截断阀室遭受水淹后管道的不均匀沉降行为进行研究。应用ANSYS软件建立了管土非线性接触模型,通过对其进行分析建立了沉降量与最大Von Mises应力和椭圆度之间的映射关系,结果表明:不均匀沉降对管道强度的影响更明显,二者间基本呈线性关系,最大Von Mises应力随着沉降量的增大而增大,根据第四强度理论便可确定管道失效时的极限沉降量。同时还探讨了管径、内压、壁厚、埋深对管道应力状态的影响,降低内压、增大壁厚以及减小埋深和管径均可降低不均匀沉降时管道的最大Von Mises应力,但其中管径和壁厚的变化对管道最大Von Mises应力的影响更为显著。预期研究结果可以为山区管道的实时监测与防护措施制定提供一定的技术支持。     

基于主成分分析法的液体管道泄漏后果综合评价模型

基于主成分分析和后果评价模型,提出了一种液体管道泄漏后果综合评价方法。将液体管道泄漏后果划分为火灾、爆炸和中毒3大类14个基本指标,建立后果评价指标体系。在VCE等后果模拟计算的基础上得到初始数据,运用SPSS软件处理相关数据,使用主成分分析法得到各指标相互独立的综合评价模型。选择天津港某码头进行实例分析,运用该方法对该港口储运的15类有代表性液体危险化学品进行综合评价,得到了各化学品的综合评价值以及按照其发生泄漏后危险性大小的排序。结果表明,该方法适用于评价港口码头等储运多种液体危险化学品的行业。     

输气管道小孔泄漏压力响应实验与仿真研究

管道压力是进行泄漏速率和泄漏后果模拟的重要参数,搭建泄漏及气体扩散测试实验系统,并建立实验系统的Flowmaster模型,通过实验数据对模型进行验证,验证结果表明,可以基于Flowmaster模型预测小孔泄漏条件下管道内的压力响应情况,并且能够较为精确的计算泄漏稳定后管内的平均压力,为小孔模型准确计算泄漏速率提供理论依据。     

一起钢质无缝气瓶爆炸事故技术分析

文章简要描述了一起消防气体灭火钢质气瓶爆炸事故,对爆炸气瓶进行了断口分析、金相试验和理化试验,并分析了事故的原因,提醒制造厂家规范制造工艺,对预防类似事故的发生具有一定的参考意义。     

日本琵琶湖污染源系统控制及其对我国湖泊治理的启示

琵琶湖富营养化全面有效的控制得益于对流域污染源的系统控制. 琵琶湖流域污染源系统控制包括通过立法与监管严格控制工厂与企业的污水排放、城镇污水管网与大型污水处理设施的高度覆盖、农业集落污水处理设施的全覆盖三部分,流域污水处理系统的全覆盖及高度处理技术的普及是其最为成功的经验之一. 琵琶湖流域城镇下水道普及率达86.4%,主要污染物——TN、TP及COD_Mn的去除率分别高达90.0%、98.7%及94.6%. 琵琶湖流域同时实施了净化槽普及、设置农业集落排水处理设施、初期雨水净化处理及农田循环灌溉等具有地方特色的面源治理对策. 通过综合治理,琵琶湖主要入湖污染负荷明显减少,与1985年相比,2012年COD_Mn点源污染负荷减少了76.8%,TN减少了45.5%,TP减少了65.6%. 与之比较,我国的湖泊治理存在的问题主要包括有针对性的地方排放标准的缺失及执法力度的不足、城镇污水深度处理及运营管理技术上的差距、面源污染对策的严重不足.      

Limiting explosible concentration of hydrogen–oxygen–helium mixtures related to the practical operational case

This paper presents data on the limiting (minimum) concentrations of hydrogen in oxygen, in the presence of added helium, at elevated temperature and pressure related to the practical operational case. A 5 L explosion vessel, an ignition sub-system and a transient pressure measurement sub-system were used. Through a series of experiments carried out using this system, the limiting concentrations of hydrogen in oxygen and helium at different initial pressures and temperatures for the practical operational case were studied, and the influence of ignition energy and initial temperature on the limiting concentration of hydrogen in oxygen and helium was analyzed and discussed. The variation of ignition energy within the studied range is found to have a significant effect on the limiting concentration of hydrogen in oxygen and helium at lower initial temperature. However, when the ignition energy is higher than 32 mJ, the limiting hydrogen concentration remains almost changeless as the initial temperature increases from 21 °C to 90 °C. The limiting explosible concentration of hydrogen–oxygen–helium mixture decreases as the ignition energy increases when the initial temperature is lower. When the initial temperature is higher, the ignition energy has little effect on the limiting hydrogen concentration of hydrogen–oxygen–helium mixtures. When the initial temperature reaches 90 °C, the limiting hydrogen concentration remains almost changeless with an increase in ignition energy. The limiting explosible concentration of hydrogen in the mixtures, at the initial temperature of 21 °C and the ignition energy of 0.5 mJ, is 8.5% and that of oxygen is 11.25%.