Bag leakage: The effect of disposable carryout bag regulations on unregulated bags

Leakage occurs when partial regulation of consumer products results in increased consumption of these products in unregulated domains. This article quantifies plastic leakage from the banning of plastic carryout bags. Using quasi-random policy variation in California, I find the elimination of 40 million pounds of plastic carryout bags is offset by a 12 million pound increase in trash bag purchases—with small, medium, and tall trash bag sales increasing by 120%, 64%, and 6%, respectively. The results further reveal 12–22% of plastic carryout bags were reused as trash bags pre-regulation and show bag bans shift consumers towards fewer but heavier bags. With a substantial proportion of carryout bags already reused in a way that avoided the manufacture and purchase of another plastic bag, policy evaluations that ignore leakage effects overstate the regulation's welfare gains.     

沼泽红假单胞菌phbC-hupL双突变株构建及产氢测定

利用湖底淤泥分离的沼泽红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas palustris)CQU01和该菌株的吸氢酶基因hupL缺失菌株CQU012作为出发菌株,分别构建聚羟基丁酸酯合成酶基因phbC单突变株及聚羟基丁酸酯合成酶基因phbC与吸氢酶基因hupL双突变株,以提高其在光照培养条件下的产氢量.以同源重组双交换方法构建含有Em抗性基因的自杀载体,通过接合转移转化R. palustris CQU01菌株,经PCR扩增以及测序验证,成功获得了沼泽红假单胞菌phbC单突变株R. palustris CQU013及phbC-hupL双突变株R. palustris CQU014.相同条件下测定突变菌株与野生菌株的生长和产氢特性,结果显示,突变菌株生长曲线与野生菌株有明显差异,两株突变菌株的产氢量分别是原始菌株的1.31和1.76倍,达到454mL/L和604mL/L.双突变菌株产氢能力较phbC基因和hupL基因单突变菌株的产氢能力有明显提高,说明phbC和hupL基因对菌株R. palustris 的产氢代谢有着显著的影响.     

CWPO催化剂的制备及对直接紫D-BL染料废水的脱色

通过混合浸渍焙烧法制备一类载Cu-La-Mo沸石催化材料(Z/CLM),并通过静态和动态试验研究Z/CLM材料在CWPO法中对直接紫D-BL模拟染料废水的脱色效果.结果表明,制备Z/CLM材料的最佳条件为采用60~80目的天然沸石作为载体浸渍铜、镧和钼的混合盐溶液,在600℃焙烧0.5h;在静态试验中,当pH在7.10,H2O2为8.33mL/L时,直接紫D-BL的去除率达95.15%,染料废水的温度和NaCl浓度对去除效果有促进作用;且通过动态流化床实验可得Z/CLM材料对直接紫D-BL的去除能力为37.82mg/g.     

COLIWAVE a simulation model for survival of E. coli O157:H7 in dairy manure and manure-amended soil

A simulation model was developed to investigate the relative effects of temperature, oxygen concentration, substrate content and competition by autochthonous microbial community on the oscillatory behaviour and survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in manure and manure-amended soil. The overall decline in E. coli O157:H7 was primarily determined by competition with autochthonous copiotrophic bacteria simulated by an inter-specific competition term according to Lotka-Volterra. Oscillations of bacterial populations were attained by the relationships between relative growth and death rates with readily available substrate content. The model contains a logistic and exponential relation of relative growth and death rates, respectively, of E. coli O157:H7 and copiotrophic bacteria with temperature, resulting in optimum curves for net growth rates similar to the curves reported in the literature. The model has been both calibrated and validated on experimental data. The model was used to perform sensitivity analysis and to evaluate different manure and soil management scenarios in terms of survival of E. coli O157:H7. The relative effects of changes in temperature on simulated survival time of E. coli O157:H7 were more pronounced than changes in oxygen condition. Testing manure storage scenarios with realistic data revealed that manure stored in a heap that was turned every week resulted in almost 70% reduction of E. coli O157:H7 survival compared to unturned manure. At the surface of a heap with unturned manure, simulated survival time was the longest (2.4 times longer than inside the same heap). The simulation model provides a new approach to investigating dynamic changes of invasive microorganisms in natural substrates such as manure or manure-amended soil.     

有害因子胁迫对人支气管上皮细胞SO2生物合成的影响

为了探讨有害因子胁迫与二氧化硫(SO2)细胞生物合成的关系,采用体外培养实验方法研究了不同浓度H2O2(0.1、1、10mmol·L-1)以及不同pH值(6.8、7.2、8.0)培养液对人支气管上皮细胞(BEP2D)SO2产生量(以胞内SO32-含量代表)的影响.结果表明:1)培养液过酸(pH6.8)和过碱(pH8.0)均可使BEP2D细胞SO2产生量显著增加(与对照相比,p<0.05);2)H2O2胁迫也可使BEP2D细胞SO2产生量增加,当H2O2浓度≥1mmol·L-1时,与对照相比,差异达到显著(p<0.05).以上结果提示:人支气管上皮细胞在有害因子的胁迫下可产生内源性SO2;SO2可能是一种生物气体应激分子,能像应激蛋白那样提高生物体对有害因子的抵御能力.     

N2O2与UV-C灭藻的协同效果研究及工程实验

研究了UV-C/N₂O₂催化氧化去除鱼腥藻PCC7120的效果,探讨了各种因素如c(N₂O₂),pH,辐照度及反应时间对灭藻率的影响.结果表明,N₂O₂对UV-C(紫外线C波段辐照)灭藻具有协同作用,UV-C/N₂O₂高级氧化体系对鱼腥藻PCC7120具有很强的氧化能力.在藻液中c(N₂O₂)为1 mmol/L,反应温度为25℃,pH为6.8,紫外线辐照度0.54 mW/cm2及反应20min的条件下,受试藻种的灭活率5 d后可以达到85%以上.将N₂O₂与浸没式UV-C流动除藻装置结合进行流动式的灭藻实验,灭藻效果显著,鱼腥藻PCC7120体内的SOD酶和POD酶的活性及C-PC藻蓝蛋白、叶绿素a的含量都有大幅度的下降,且灭活后的蓝藻不会重新生长.      

Comparing petroleum fiscal regimes under oil price uncertainty

This study investigates and compares five upstream petroleum fiscal systems under crude oil price uncertainty. The fiscal systems analyzed are: the Alberta Canada tax and royalty system, the Papua New Guinea (PNG) (pre-2003) traditional Rate of Return (ROR) system, the Sao Tome and Principe/Nigerian Joint Development Zone (SNJDZ) Production Sharing Contract (PSC), the Tanzanian PSC/ROR hybrid system and the Trinidad and Tobago PSC. Contingent claims analysis is used to value the governments’ tax claims under uncertainty using a numerical approach, viz., Monte Carlo simulation. Each system is tested to obtain the after-tax value accruing to firms as well as the distortionary effects introduced by the fiscal systems. The results are then ranked. The Alberta Canada and PNG fiscal systems provide companies with the highest after-tax values while also being the least distortionary. The Tanzanian system is the lowest in both rankings, providing relatively low after-tax values and introducing strong distortionary effects. The SNJDZ PSC imposed a relatively high tax burden on companies with median distortionary effects. The Trinidadian PSC generated a median tax burden on companies but has strong distortionary effects.     

一种改进的高级氧化工艺降解微囊藻毒素动力学模型

试验利用UV/H₂Ｏ₂和臭氧2种高级氧化工艺降解太湖水中粗提取的微囊藻毒素,研究了光强、初始藻毒素浓度、H₂Ｏ₂投加量、臭氧投加量、pH值及阴离子对其去除率的影响,并探讨了包括pH,碳酸根浓度等水质参数在反应过程中的变化情况.在准一级反应动力学的基础上提出了一种简捷的适合实际水质的高级氧化技术降解数学模型.结果表明,UV/H₂Ｏ₂（包括单独UV）体系中,准一级动力学和准二级动力学相关系数R² 的平均值分别为0.927和0.827;在臭氧工艺中,准一级和准二级动力学相关系数R² 的平均值分别为0.911和0.925;而采用改进的一级动力学模型拟合的精确性有较大提高,UV/H₂Ｏ₂（包括单独UV）和臭氧2种体系中拟合相关系数R² 的平均值分别提高到0.982和0.985;而且通过模型分析还可以得出：在光强、双氧水浓度和臭氧浓度不变的情况下,pH值和碳酸根（碳酸氢根）离子浓度是影响反应最大的因素.     

某电镀厂污泥酸浸除杂提磷试验

探讨了武汉某工业园电镀厂污泥酸浸、除杂提磷的工艺及条件。当H2SO4（浓度为72％）用量为4mL/g污泥,在液固比为5：1,常温搅拌浸出时间为1h,用碱液调节浸出液pH为4后沉淀1h,过滤,磷的浸出率为86％,铁的沉淀率达到94．2％,除铁后的浸出液进一步用NH4HCO3净化,并制取磷铵产品,总养分（N＋P2O5）为52％。产品达到国家合格品的标准。     

单室型微生物燃料电池处理黄姜废水的性能研究

以黄姜废水为底物,采用单室型微生物燃料电池,验证了MFC处理黄姜废水的可行性,研究了进水COD和SO42-浓度对产电性能的影响.控制电导率和COD等条件一致,黄姜废水最大功率密度为葡萄糖配水的80.3%.低COD浓度条件下MFC产电稳定,功率密度随COD浓度上升而提高,最高为322 mW/m2;当COD提高至2766 mg/L以上时,MFC稳定产电的时长缩短且更新基质后无法恢复最佳产电水平,表明过高的COD负荷会抑制产电微生物活性.COD最终去除率在68.2%~84.8%之间,且随着初始浓度的提高去除率有所下降.进水SO42-浓度的提高使MFC输出功率密度增大,但当SO42-浓度>7 716 mg/L(电导率>8.19 mS/cm)时,继续提高SO42-浓度无法使功率密度增大.与沉淀SO42-后的废水比较,含硫原水的最大功率密度平均下降14.5%,其库仑效率也随SO42-浓度提高明显下降,表明存在SO42-作为电子受体被还原,降低了MFC的效率.