北京典型土壤剖面中饱和烃的组成及垂向分布特征

分析了北京地区不同环境功能区具有代表性的10个土壤剖面样品中饱和烃污染物的含量和组成特征.结果表明,不同剖面饱和烃的浓度差别明显,其变化范围为1.5～54.1 μg·g-1,其中城区(B7)、污灌农田(B9)和工业区(B10)浓度较高.所有的剖面均检出了正构烷烃、类异戊间二烯烷烃、烷基环己烷和甾、萜类等饱和烃污染物,大部分剖面中各类化合物的相对含量为正构烷烃＞类异戊间二烯烷烃＞甾萜类＞烷基环己烷,而且在表层土中正构烷烃的含量明显占优势.不同剖面中饱和烃浓度随深度增加而降低,在表层30 cm内饱和烃含量随深度增加而明显降低,40 cm以下含量基本保持恒定,且与有机碳含量的变化趋势基本一致,地球化学参数(如CPI1、CPI2、甾萜类生物标志物参数等)分析表明,城区表土(B7)主要受化石燃料污染,而其它剖面表土正构烷烃主要来源于高等植物,但也受不同程度的化石燃料及其燃烧产物的污染;剖面深部土样中正构烷烃来源与表层土不同,其来源与土壤本身或成土母岩中所含的有机质的地球化学演化有关,而甾萜类化合物和烷基环己烷与表层土中的来源可能基本相同.     

鼠李糖脂对铜绿假单胞菌NY3表面特性及其烃降解效率的影响

研究了鼠李糖脂对NY3菌表面特性及其降解烃类物质的影响作用.结果表明,与未加鼠李糖脂相比,原油含量为1000 mg·L-1,鼠李糖脂100 mg·L-1时,生长24和48 h,NY3菌细胞净生长量分别提高8.60和6.68倍,且产酸明显,原油中正二十六烷至正三十三烷降解效率可提高约60%.分别以LB培养基和十六烷为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基生长的NY3菌体(OD400nm=1.68±0.08),与100 mg·L-1的鼠李糖脂作用1.5h,菌体表面疏水性分别增加32%、6%;且以LB培养基生长的NY3菌细胞,在鼠李糖脂和十六烷存在下作用90 min,菌细胞所积聚的正十六烷量比未加鼠李糖脂时增加了1.10 nmol·mg-1干菌,说明鼠李糖脂能加快疏水性有机物的传质速度.红外光谱分析结果表明,与未加鼠李糖脂相比,鼠李糖脂使菌体细胞中疏水性脂肪链的相对含量明显增加.因此,鼠李糖脂能增加菌体的表面疏水性,加快烃类的传质速率,从而促进NY3菌对烃的降解.     

Eco-toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil

Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) contaminated soil samples were collected from Shengli Oilfield of China. Toxicity analysis was carried out based on earthworm acute toxicity, plant growth experiment and luminescent bacteria test. The soil was contaminated bypetroleum hydrogcarbons with TPH concentration of 10.57%. With lethal and sub-lethal rate as endpoint, earthworm test showed that the LD50 (lethal dose 50%) values in 4 and 7 days were 1.45% and 1.37% respectively, and the inhibition rate of earthworm body weight increased with higher oil concentration. TPH pollution in the soil inhibited seed germination in both wheat and maize experiment when the concentration of petroleum was higher than 0.1%. The EC50 (e ective concentration 50%) for germination is 3.04% and 2.86% in maize and wheat, respectively. While lower value of EC50 for root elongation was to be 1.11% and 1.64% in maize and wheat, respectively, suggesting higher sensitivity of root elongation on petroleum contamination in the soil. The EC50 value in luminescent bacteria test was 0.47% for petroleum in the contaminated soil. From the experiment result, it was concluded that TPH content of 1.5% is considered to be a critical value for plant growth and living of earthworm and 0.5% will a ect the activity of luminescent bacteria.     

气溶胶中烃类有机物居里点热解析-GC/MS联用分析

使用居里点热解析(CPP)-GC/MS联用法对气溶胶中有机化合物进行了分析.结果表明,在使用445℃箔片并保持60s加热、GC-MS 30psi脉冲无分流进样的条件下,目标化合物的分析达到了最佳效果.新建立的CPP-GC/MS联用分析方法中,C16~C26烷烃的检测限为0.04~0.08ng,C27~C34烷烃的检测限为0.1~0.5ng,PAHs的检测限为0.01~0.1ng,藿烷类物质的检测限为0.08ng.标准物质分析的相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.1%~20.6%,PM2.5样品的RSD在3.6%~21.3%,70%的目标化合物的工作曲线的线性(R2)在0.99以上.实验表明,CPP-GC/MS联用的方法能较好地替代传统的溶剂提取法来分析气溶胶中的烃类有机物,尤其是可用于分析颗粒物负载量很小的样品,如多级采样器采集的气溶胶粒径分布样品.     

基于QSPR方法的烃类物质苯胺点预测

烃类物质在石油工业中有着非常广泛的应用.在石油工业中常用苯胺点来衡量有机溶剂的溶解性能.基于定量结构-性质相关性(QSPR)原理,根据分子结构计算反映分子结构信息的结构参数,应用遗传函数算法从大量结构参数中优化筛选出与烃类物质苯胺点最为密切相关的结构参数作为表征相应化合物结构特征的分子描述符,采用多元线性回归方法对分子描述符与苯胺点之间的定量函数关系进行关联,建立了预测烃类物质苯胺点的理论模型.最后,对模型进行了内部及外部验证来检验模型的可靠性.在此基础上,对所建立的预测模型进行机理解释,分析了影响烃类物质苯胺点的主要结构因素及其影响规律.研究表明,所建模型具有较高的稳定性和预测能力.     

烃类污染土壤热强化气相抽提技术的脱附动力学

为研究烃类污染土壤热脱附净化效率的影响机制,采用热强化气相抽提技术(soil vapor extraction,SVE)处理烃类污染土壤,探讨了通气速率、抽提气中水蒸气的浓度(gas water content,GWC)、土壤含水量(soil water content,SWC)对热强化SVE处理效率的影响,并采用LDF和Freundlich动力学方程对脱附处理过程进行了拟合。结果表明：在120 ℃的条件下,以通气速率80 mL·min⁻¹、GWC 15%和SWC 10%为最优处理工艺,气体在土壤空隙中间的传质速率加快,能明显缩短热强化SVE的处理时间;通气速率从40 mL·min⁻¹提高到80 mL·min⁻¹时,处理时间从425 min缩短至350 min;GWC从0%增加到15%时,处理时间从350 min缩短至105 min;GWC从15%增加到25%时,处理时间从105 min延长到240 min;当SWC为10%时,热强化处理时间缩短至290 min;当SWC从10%增加到15%时,处理时间从290 min延长至390 min。通过分析可知,LDF方程适合简单条件下(通气速率)的拟合,当通气速率为80 mL·min⁻¹时,偏差率为4%。Freundlich方程更适合复杂(土-水-气)体系下的拟合,GWC为15%时偏差率为3.8%,SWC为5%时偏差率为2.6%。以上结果可为开展热强化SVE处理烃类污染土壤研究提供参考。     

不同电子受体作用下微生物降解多环芳烃研究进展

电子受体作为微生物代谢过程中的必需物质,对不同类型微生物的数量及其代谢能力有重要影响。笔者分析了不同电子受体对微生物降解多环芳烃的影响。对好氧降解（氧气为电子受体）菌种类及降解途径进行了总结;厌氧降解方面,概述了硝酸盐、硫酸盐、金属离子（Fe(Ⅲ)或Mn(Ⅳ)）、碳酸盐为电子受体的研究进展。此外,对微生物降解多环芳烃的研究存在的问题以及未来的发展方向进行了简述与展望。     

基于便携式氢火焰离子化检测器法测定固定污染源废气中非甲烷总烃的研究

通过实验室和固定污染源废气现场比对测试,对便携式氢火焰离子化检测器法(催化氧化法和气相色谱法)测定非甲烷总烃的检出限、转化效率、精密度和准确度等性能指标开展研究。实验室测试结果表明,便携式氢火焰离子化检测器法测定非甲烷总烃的检出下限(0. 3 mg/m³)、转化效率(98. 2%)、精密度(3. 49%)、准确度(-2. 38%)基本满足方法技术指标的要求,但是对于催化氧化法还需重点关注其转化效率。固定污染源废气现场比对测试结果表明,便携式氢火焰离子化检测器法与实验室方法测试结果的相对准确度(33. 2%)、相对误差(-9. 27%～23. 7%)基本能满足测试方法的测试要求,趋势性也保持一致,适用于现场测试。     

Bioremediation of Soils by Plant–Microbe Systems

Abstract

Sustainable ecosystems can be designed to eliminate environmental toxins and reduce pathogen loads through the direct and indirect consequences of plant and microbial activities. We present an approach to the bioremediation of disturbed environments, focusing on petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contaminants. Treatment consists of incorporating a plant-based amendment to enhance ecosystem productivity and physiochemical degradation followed by the establishment of plants to serve as oxidizers and foundations for microbial communities. Promising amendments for widespread use are entire plants of the water fern Azolla and seed meal of Brassica napus (rapeseed). An inexpensive byproduct from the manufacture of biodiesel and lubricants, rapeseed meal is high in nitrogen (6% wt/wt), stimulates >100-fold increases in populations of resident Streptomyces species, and suppresses fungal infection of roots subsequently cultivated in the amended soil. Synergistic enzymatic and chemical activities of plant and microbial metabolism in root zones transform and degrade soil contaminants. Emphasis is given to mechanisms that enable PHC functionalization via reactive molecular species.     

Sources of ambient non-methane hydrocarbon compounds and their impacts on O3 formation during autumn, Beijing

The field observation of 54 non-methane hydrocarbon compounds (NMHCs) was conducted from September 1 to October 20 in 2020 during autumn in Haidian District, Beijing. The mean concentration of total NMHCs was 29.81 ± 11.39 ppbv during this period, and alkanes were the major components. There were typical festival effects of NMHCs with lower concentration during the National Day. Alkenes and aromatics were the dominant groups in ozone formation potential (OFP) and OH radical loss rate (L_OH). The positive matrix factorization (PMF) running results revealed that vehicular exhaust became the biggest source in urban areas, followed by liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) usage, solvent usage, and fuel evaporation. The box model coupled with master chemical mechanism (MCM) was applied to study the impacts of different NMHCs sources on ozone (O₃) formation in an O₃ episode. The simulation results indicated that reducing NMHCs concentration could effectively suppress O₃ formation. Moreover, reducing traffic-related emissions of NMHCs was an effective way to control O₃ pollution at an urban site in Beijing.