麻疯树籽壳生物质炭的制备及其吸附水中PAHs性能研究

麻疯树籽壳经磷酸处理,在300~700℃下炭化处理50min,制备了麻疯树籽壳生物质炭.以萘、蒽、菲、芘4种多环芳烃(PAHs)为目标物,考察了吸附剂投加量、反应时间、反应温度等因素对麻疯树籽壳生物质炭吸附性能的影响,探讨了麻疯树籽壳生物质炭对4种PAHs的吸附效果及机理.结果表明,随炭化温度升高,生物质炭的比表面积逐渐增大;在25℃、生物质炭投加量为0.15g、吸附时间为60min的条件下,萘、蒽、芘和菲的去除率分别为97.4%、94.6%、93.1%和92.1%.麻疯树籽壳生物质炭对4种PAHs的吸附机理服从准二级动力学方程,吸附等温线服从Langmuir方程,萘、蒽、芘和菲的饱和吸附量分别为8.849、8.547、8.097和7.633mg/g.     

天然源排放碳氢化合物对广州地区光化学污染的影响

运用二维网格模式模拟天然源排放碳氢化合物对广州地区光化学污染的影响．结果表明,天然源排放碳氢化合物的减少直接引起臭氧浓度的减少．当天然源碳氢化合物排放量为零,臭氧平均浓度将减少51.0％;当人为源碳氢化合物排放量为零,臭氧平均浓度将减少34.4％．尽管模拟区内天然源碳氢化合物所占比例（45.7％）比人为源所占比例（54.3％）略小,但天然源碳氢化合物对臭氧浓度的影响却比人为源大．在广州地区东北部,天然源碳氢化合物对臭氧浓度起主要作用;在广州地区南部,人为源碳氢化合物对臭氧浓度起主要作用     

Assessment and Treatment of Hydrocarbon Inundated Soils Using Inorganic Nutrient (N-P-K) Supplements: II. A Case Study of Eneka Oil Spillage in Niger Delta, Nigeria

Polluted soils from Eneka oil field in the Niger delta region of Nigeria were collected two months after recorded incidence of oil spillage as part of a two-site reclamation programme. The soils were taken on the second day of reconnaissance from three replicate quadrats, at surface (0–15 cm) and subsurface (15–30 cm) depths, using the grid sampling technique. Total extractable hydrocarbon content (THC) of the polluted soils ranged from 1.006×10³–5.540× 10⁴ mg/kg at surface and subsurface depths (no overlap in Standard Errors at 95% Confidence Level). Greenhouse trials for possible reclamation were later carried out using (NH₄)₂SO₄, KH₂PO₄ and KCl (N-P-K) fertilizer as nutrient supplements. Nitrogen as NO₃-N and potassium were optimally enhanced at 2% (w/w) and 3% (w/w) of the N-P-K supplementation respectively. Phosphorus, which was inherently more enhanced in the soils than the other nutrients, maintained same level impact after 20 g treatment with the N-P-K fertilizer. Total organic carbon (%TOC), total organic matter (%TOM), pH and % moisture content all provided evidence of enhanced mineralization in the fertilizer treated soils. If reclamation of the crude oil inundated soils is construed as the return to normal levels of metabolic activities of the soils, then the application of the inorganic fertilizers at such prescribed levels would duly accelerate the remediation process. This would be, however, limited to levels of pollution empirically defined by such THC values obtained in this study. The data on the molecular compositional changes of the total petroleum hydrocarbon content (TPH) of the spilled-oil showed the depletion of the fingerprints of the n-paraffins, nC₈–nC₁₀, and complete disappearance of C₁₂–C₁₇ as well as the acyclic isoprenoid, pristane, all of which provided substantial evidence of degradation.     

Vertical distributions of non-methane hydrocarbons and halocarbons in the lower troposphere over northeast China

Vertical distributions of air pollutants are crucial for understanding the key processes of atmospheric transport and for evaluating chemical transport models. In this paper, we present measurements of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and halocarbons obtained from an intensive aircraft study over northeast (NE) China in summer 2007. Most compounds exhibited a typical negative profile of decreasing mixing ratios with increasing altitude, although the gradients differed with different species. Three regional plumes with enhanced VOC mixing ratios were discerned and characterized. An aged plume transported from the northern part of the densely populated North China Plain (NCP; i.e. Beijing–Tianjin area) showed relatively higher levels of HCFC-22, 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE) and toluene. In comparison, the plume originating from Korea had higher abundances of CFC-12, tetrachloroethene (C₂Cl₄) and methyl chloride (CH₃Cl), while regional air masses from NE China contained more abundant light alkanes. By comparing these results with the earlier PEM-West B (1994) and TRACE-P (2001) aircraft measurements, continuing declining trends were derived for methyl chloroform (CH₃CCl₃), tetrachloromethane (CCl₄) and C₂Cl₄ over the greater China–northwestern Pacific region, indicating the accomplishment of China in reducing these compounds under the Montreal protocol. However, the study also provided evidence for the continuing emissions of several halocarbons in China in 2007, such as CFCs (mainly from materials in stock) and HCFCs.     

混凝—气浮工艺处理有机物污染地下水现场中试试验

对某农药厂原厂区的有机污染地下水的水质特征进行了分析,采用小试确定了药剂投加量,并采用中试装置考察了混凝—气浮工艺的去除效果。小试结果表明,聚合氯化铝（PAC）的最佳投加量为300 mg/L,聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）的最佳投加量为3 mg/L。中试运行结果表明,当进水流量为0.25 ~1.00 m3/h时,对浊度的去除率为82.66%~90.13%,对悬浮固体的去除率为80.12%~90.11%;碳原子数在10~28范围内的石油烃的平均去除率为38.96%~51.46%;1,2-二氯乙烷、2-甲基萘、苯、萘、甲苯、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的平均去除率分别为17.76%,67.49%,48.70%,54.56%,37.24%,62.53%。     

QSAR models for predicting the toxicity of halogenated phenols to Tetrahymena

Halogenated phenols are industrial pollutants which may cause serious damage to the environment. In this work, a two-dimensional (2D) and two three-dimensional (3D) quantitative structure–activity relationship models for the toxicity prediction of halogenated phenols in Tetrahymena were developed. The structural factors that mainly influence toxicity were explored, agreeing with previously reported data. The results obtained with the 3D model were in agreement with those obtained with the 2D model. According to our findings, several new molecules with different predicted activities were designed.     

Fenton氧化—微生物法降解土壤中石油烃

以长期被苯系物污染的活性污泥为菌源,采用液相“诱导物-中间产物-目标污染物”驯化模式驯化出专性混合石油降解菌群,并将其用于Fenton氧化—微生物法处理模拟石油污染土壤。高通量测序结果表明,产黄杆菌属（Rhodanobacter）、分支杆菌属（Mycobacterium）和根瘤菌属（Rhizobiales）为主导菌属。实验结果表明：接种混合菌群后降解50 d,土样的总石油烃（TPH）去除率较土著菌提高了13.4~20.5百分点;对于TPH含量（w）分别为4%,8%,11%的土样,Fenton氧化的最佳H₂O₂加入量分别为3,4,4 mol/L（Fe²⁺加入量0.04 mol/L）,TPH总去除率分别可达88.8%,65.0%,47.7%,较单独Fenton氧化或单独微生物法均有很大程度的提高,且缩短了降解时间,增加了土壤有机质。     

海上含油钻屑的热解析除油处理

采用间接加热的热解析技术对海上油田含油钻屑进行处理,考察了热解析处理的效果和影响因素。实验结果表明：在热解析主温度为410.0 ℃下对含油率为14.00%~23.60%（w）的钻屑进行热解析处理,处理后钻屑的石油烃含量低至0.07%;为达到处理后钻屑含油率低于1%的要求,处理速率最高可达2.47 t/h;回收油的主要烃类化合物组成与岩屑油一致,可用于泥浆复配;冷凝回收水的COD及石油类物质超标,处理后可作为循环冷却水的补充水;外排气体的污染物指标达到国家排放标准;该套实验装置处理含油率为14.00%~23.60%的钻屑,柴油消耗量小于15 L/t、电能消耗量小于9 kW·h/t。     

一起110 kV变压器高温过热故障综合分析及诊断

讲述了一起110 kV电力变压器内部发生高温过热故障后的分析和诊断过程,文章通过多种溶解气体分析法如特征气体法、三比值法、四比值法、总烃安伏法等对故障进行分析,准确判断了故障类型、严重程度,并准确判断出故障的大概发生部位,从而对设备的运行及检修提出策略参考,并在设备解体中印证了检修前的分析和判断,确保了设备和电网的安全稳定运行。