厌氧条件下有机氯代烃污染物的氧化降解

根据土柱实验,对3种弱还原条件下氯乙烷和氯乙烯类化合物的氧化降解进行了研究.结果显示,在硝酸盐和氧化锰存在条件下,1,2-二氯乙烷(1,2-DCA)和一氯乙烯(VC)可发生氧化降解,其中,1,2-DCA转化速率在反硝化和锰还原过程中分别为1.18/h和0.54/h,VC转化速率分别为0.29/h和0.15/h.在Fe(OH)³存在条件下,VC无明显降解,1,2-DCA的降解亦受到抑制.其它有机氯代烃,如1,1,1-三氯乙烷、三氯乙烯、及二氯乙烯异构体等,在3种氧化还原条件下均未发生降     

南宁市多环境介质中多环芳烃分布特征

为了确定多环境介质中多环芳烃的浓度、组成和分布特征,采集南宁市冬夏季空气、大气干湿沉降物、土壤和地下水样品,利用16种多环芳烃的成分谱,结合其物理化学性质,分析多环芳烃在多环境介质中的浓度、组成和分布特征,结果表明:1空气和大气干湿沉降物中PAHs均以2~3环为主,由于冬夏季节差异性,冬季ΣPAHs浓度高于夏季;2土壤中PAHs以2~3环为主,且土壤颗粒粒径分布差异性是导致不同层位PAHs分布特征差异的主要原因;3地下水中PAHs检出种类少,检出量小,也表明土壤包气带能够"截留"较多的PAHs;416种PAHs在不同环境介质中质量分数均呈现由低环向高环递减的趋势,且两地区冬夏季2~3环和5~6环PAHs在各环境介质中分布特征具有较好的一致性,但也有一定的差异.这与PAHs的理化性质、水文地质条件、城市污染状况、天气状况等方面有关.     

两株柴油降解菌的性能研究

以0#柴油为惟一碳源,对两株柴油降解菌DS-Ⅰ菌和DS-Ⅲ菌降低液体表面张力的能力、柴油降解动力学及表面活性物质成分进行了研究。实验结果表明:DS-Ⅰ菌和DS-Ⅲ菌在生长过程中均可产生糖脂类生物表面活性物质,使发酵液表面张力降低;在11d的发酵时间内,DS-Ⅰ菌和DS-Ⅲ菌使发酵液中柴油的质量浓度从48.72m g/L分别降至16.64m g/L和9.17m g/L,柴油降解率分别为65.84%和81.18%,柴油降解速率分别为5.16m g/(L.d)和5.96m g/(L.d)。发酵液表面张力的降低与柴油的降解效果有显著的相关性。DS-Ⅲ菌在疏水性、对柴油的生长适应性和柴油降解速率等方面比DS-Ⅰ菌更好。     

Chemical defense of an earwig (Doru taeniatum)

Summary. The earwig Doru taeniatum (Dermaptera, Forficulidae) has a pair of defensive glands, opening on the 4th abdominal tergite, from which it discharges a spray when disturbed. It aims the discharges by revolving the abdomen, a maneuver that enables it simultaneously to use its pincers in defense. The secretion contains two quinones (methyl-1,4-benzoquinone and 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone) present in the glands as a crystalline mass, together with pentadecane and a (presumably) aqueous phase. The gland openings are minute, with the result that virtually no quinone crystals are expelled with the spray. Only the two liquid phases are discharged, together with the ca. 1% quinone they carry in solution. Such a solute-economizing discharge mechanism appears to be without parallel among insect defensive glands. Received 14 February 2000; accepted 21 February 2000     

Assays of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and co-contaminated heavy metals in the transgenic Arabidopsis plants carrying the recombinant guinea pig aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated β-glucuronidase reporter gene expression system

The transgenic Arabidopsis plant XgD2V11-6 carrying the recombinant guinea pig (g) aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene expression system was examined for assay of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and co-contaminated heavy metals. When the transgenic Arabidopsis plants were treated with PCB126 (toxic equivalency factor; TEF: 0.1) and PCB169 (TEF: 0.03), the GUS activity of the whole plants was increased significantly. After treatment with PCB80 (TEF: 0), the GUS activity was nearly the same level as that treated with 0.1% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as a vehicle control. After exposure to a 1:1 mixture of PCB126 and PCB169, the GUS activity was increased additively. However, after exposure to a mixture of PCB126 and PCB80, the GUS activity was lower than that of the treatment with PCB126 alone. Thus, PCB80 seemed to be an antagonist towards AhR. When the transgenic plants were treated with each of the heavy metals Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb together with PCB126, Cd and Pb increased the PCB126-induced GUS activity. On the other hand, Fe, Cu and Zn did not affect the PCB126-induced GUS activity. In the presence of the biosurfactant mannosylerythritol lipid-B (MEL-B) and the carrier protein bovine serum albumin (BSA), the PCB126-induced GUS activity was increased, but the Cd-assisted PCB126-induced GUS activity was not affected. Thus, MEL-B and BSA seemed to increase uptake and transport of PCB126, respectively.     

Recombinant human AhR-mediated GUS reporter gene assays for PCB congeners in transgenic tobacco plants in comparison with recombinant mouse and guinea pig AhRs

Four expression plasmids for recombinant human aryl hydrocarbon receptor (hAhR) consisting of a ligand binding domain of hAhR, a DNA-binding domain of LexA and a transactivation domain of VP16 as well as β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter genes were constructed. All the expression plasmids were transformed into tobacco plants. The selected transgenic tobacco plants were used to assay. PCB congeners showed GUS activity in a TEF-dependent manner. The selected transgenic tobacco plant XhD4V17 was compared with the transgenic tobacco plants XmD4V26 and XgD2V23 containing recombinant mouse (m) AhR-mediated GUS reporter gene expression cassette and recombinant guinea pig (g) AhR-mediated GUS reporter gene expression cassette for PCB congener-inducible GUS activity. The data revealed that the tobacco plant XgD2V23 was the most active in PCB congener-inducible GUS activity. In a 1:1 mixture of PCB126 and PCB80 a reduced PCB126-induced GUS activity was observed in plant XgD2V23, which could possibly be due to interaction between PCB126 and PCB80.     

石油烃对翅碱蓬生理特性的影响及植物-微生物联合降解

通过盆栽实验,测定在低浓度石油烃浓度下翅碱蓬的生长生理指标及沉积物和翅碱蓬中石油烃含量的变化,研究石油烃对翅碱蓬生理特性和抗氧化酶系统的影响及植物-微生物联合修复效果。结果表明,翅碱蓬抗氧化酶能够快速提高活性来抵御逆境,植株还可通过增加其叶绿素含量等来适应或补偿逆境造成的损失。同时还发现,当植物处于石油烃污染沉积物时,它体内污染物的分布会与自然情况下有所不同,自然情况下分布为茎>叶>根,受污染时分布为根>茎>叶,该结果可以作为判断沉积物是否受到污染的依据。实验的不同处理(加植物加菌组、只加菌未种植物组、种植物未加菌组)去除率分别为70.87%、63.66%和60.26%,翅碱蓬-降解菌处理的沉积物中石油烃残留浓度最低、去除量最高,表明植物-微生物联合作用更有利于石油烃污染沉积物的修复。     

沉积物中2株多环芳烃降解菌的分离鉴定及其对菲、荧蒽的降解特性

从长江重庆主城段近岸表层沉积物中,分离出2株能以菲和荧蒽为碳源和能源生长的菌株(命名为CJ1、CJ2),经鉴定分别为黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium sp.)和克雷伯氏杆菌属(Klebsiella sp.)。进行了菲和荧蒽在初始浓度为20~200 mg/L条件下的生长代谢过程与降解动力学分析。结果表明,CJ1对菲和荧蒽的降解效能总体优于CJ2。15 d时CJ1和CJ2对菲的降解率最高分别为74.3%和70.3%;30 d时CJ1和CJ2对荧蒽的降解率最高分别为58.2%和49.9%。初始浓度为200 mg/L时,两菌株对菲、荧蒽的降解受到一定程度抑制。     

Simple and rapid determination of dioxin in fish and sea food using a highly sensitive reporter cell line, CBG 2.8D

Food, especially animal origin food is the main source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) for human exposure. So, a simple, rapid and cheap bioassay method is needed for determination of dioxins in food samples. In this study, we used a new highly sensitive reporter cell line to determine the concentration of dioxins in 33 fish and seafood samples. The samples were extracted by shaking with water/isopropanol (1:1 v/v) and hexane and cleaned-up by a multi layered silica gel column and an alumina column, then analyzed using CBG 2.8D cell line. We compared the results obtained from the CBG 2.8D cell assay to those obtained from conventional High-Resolution Gas Chromatography–High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRGC–HRMS) analysis. Good correlations were observed between these two methods (r²=0.93). While the slope of regression line was 1.76, the bioanalytical equivalent (BEQ) values were 1.76 folds higher than WHO-TEQ values and the conversion coefficient was 0.568 (the reciprocal of 1.76). In conclusion, CBG 2.8D cell assay was an applicable method to determine dioxins levels in fish and sea food samples.     

徐州市区大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染特征

采用高效液相色谱技术（HPLC）对徐州市大气颗粒物中优控的16种多环芳烃（PAHs）进行定量研究。结果表明：萘、芴、苊等低分子量芳烃的含量相对较低;苯并（g,h,i）苝、茚并（1,2,3-cd）芘、苯并（k）荧蒽、苯并（a）芘等高分子量芳烃的含量相对较高;含量最高的单体为荧蒽,占待检的16种PAHs的19%以上。不同环数多环芳烃含量大小顺序为：4环〉5环〉6环〉3环〉2环。可吸入颗粒物（PM10）中苯并（a）芘和∑PAHs在不同功能区的分布特征大体上一致,并呈现一定规律性：交通干线区〉工业区〉风景文化区〉居民区〉新城区。由此可以初步认为徐州市区PM10中的PAHs主要来源于燃煤和汽车尾气。