高压液相色谱(HPLC)测定油气田污染源中的多环芳烃

给出了高压液相色谱测定油气田污染源中多环芳烃方法的线性范围、检测下限、精密度、准确度、定性分析方法及实际样品的测定结果。     

基于三维空间插值技术的某场地中总石油烃污染分布确定

为了解总石油烃在场地中的扩散分布规律,立体呈现其污染分布特征,选择华北某污染场地为研究对象,分层采集土壤样品并采用三维空间插值软件EVS-Pro建立地质模型和污染插值模型,对C16总石油烃(脂肪族)(以下简称总石油烃)分布特征进行分析。结果表明:不同采样点位污染物浓度分布差异明显,总石油烃最高值是DB11/T 811—2011《场地土壤环境风险评价筛选值》的11.71倍;场地内污染物表现出较强的垂直和水平迁移能力,在空间中的迁移分布特征与生产历史状况、水文地质条件密切相关。研究表明,通过三维插值模型构建的插值结果可以更加直观地呈现污染分布,更好地反映各因素对总石油烃分布的影响。     

石油降解菌对石油烃中不同组分的降解及演化特征研究

从甘肃华庆油田油井附近石油污染的土壤中得到5种菌属的石油降解菌,以各菌剂对原油不同组分的降解率及其标志物演化参数为基础,利用GC-MS联用技术分析测定了7 d和15 d石油烃中正构烷烃、藿烷、芳香烃的降解率,用各种标志物反映各菌剂对原油中正构烷烃、藿烷、芳香烃演化特征.结果表明:F2、A5、混合菌(H)对于高碳数段的正构烷烃降解率高达60%以上,混合菌剂对于正构烷烃的降解较均衡;正构烷烃在前后两个阶段的降解呈现出对低碳和高碳降解的互补规律,奇偶碳数优势(OEP)在15 d更明显;F2菌剂的w(∑C21-)/w(∑C22+)值说明对其高碳数降解优势最明显;各菌w(Pr)/w(Ph)比值均大于原油,说明原油中类异戊二烯烷烃在不同菌剂的作用中发生了明显的降解.各菌剂作用能促使五环三萜类化合物的手性碳R构型向更稳定的S构型转化,短期内已接近转化终点;A5对藿烷降解的w(Ts)/w(Tm)比值最大(0.966),转化最彻底;A5、D4和F2菌株后期作用原油时,藿烷系列的降解速率明显大于正构烷烃系列,表现出降解藿烷的优势;各菌剂对芳香烃具有强烈的去甲基化作用,A5和D4菌降解芳烃优势更明显.     

石油污染土壤的植物修复研究进展

石油的开采、加工、输送及使用过程中,对大气、土壤、水体带来了严重污染,对土壤环境的危害尤为严重。植物修复以其处理成本低、吸收污染物的生物量大等优点已成为人们普遍能接受的去除污染物的首选技术。植物主要通过三种途径去除土壤中有机污染物,即植物直接吸收有机污染物;释放分泌物和酶,刺激根区微生物活性和生物转化作用;增强根区的矿化作用。植物修复石油烃污染土壤的影响因素有:环境条件、污染物的浓度和滞留时间、营养元素、表面活性剂、根系分布等。通过植物-微生物联合修复、机械-微生物-植物多技术联用等措施,可提高石油烃的降解率。     

Sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on glass surfaces

Sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to glass commonly used in laboratories was studied. Sorption coefficients (K_d) of five selected PAHs to borosilicate glass surfaces were measured using column chromatography. A linear relationship between log K_d and the corresponding water solubility of the subcooled liquid (log S_w) of the investigated PAHs was observed. Based on the determined sorption coefficients our data revealed that mass loss caused by sorption on glass walls strongly depends on the ratio of solution volume to contacted surface area (V/S). The influence of solution chemistry such as ionic strength, solution pH, presence of cosolvent, and the influence of temperature on the sorption process were investigated. In the presence of ionic strength, sorption coefficients concurrently increased but less than a factor of 2 up to 0.005 M calcium chloride concentration. However, further increasing ionic strength had no influence on K_d. The cosolvent reduced sorption at a concentration of methanol in water above 0.5% (v/v); however, for benzo[a]pyrene even with 10% (v/v) methanol the mass loss would be still higher than 10% (with a V/S ratio less than 0.25). Significant effects of the solution pH and temperature were not observed. These results suggest that van der Waal’s forces dominate the sorption process. In the analysis of highly hydrophobic PAHs in aqueous samples, mass loss due to sorption on glass walls should be accounted for in the final result if untreated glass is used. The presented relationship between log K_d and log S_w may help to decide if such a correction is necessary. Furthermore, the frequently used silanization of glass surfaces may not be sufficient to suppress sorption for large PAHs.     

室内可吸入颗粒物中的部分有机化合物

室内环境问题越来越引起关注,但是室内可吸入颗粒物中的有机化合物研究较少,尤其是其中的酯类物质,更是被研究者忽略.主要采用气相色谱法及色质联用法对采集的室内可吸入颗粒物样品进行分析,得出了颗粒物中的脂肪烃、芳香烃和酯类物质的种类及浓度,并且分析了这些有害物质的来源.     

串联四极杆质谱(GC-QqQ-MS/MS)测定土壤中的邻苯二甲酸酯与多环芳烃

建立了用微波萃取(MAE)、固相萃取(SPE)净化、气相色谱,串联四极杆质谱(GC-QqQ-MS/MS)多反应监测同时测定土壤中16种多环芳烃和18种邻苯二甲酸酯的方法.通过优化前处理与分析条件,样品加标浓度在5μg/kg时的平均回收率在66.59%～122.07%之间,相对标准偏差均小于20%,邻苯二甲酸酯的检出限在0.04.0.84.ttg/kg之间.定量限在0.13～2.81μg/kg之间;多环芳烃的检出限在0.01～0.54μg/ks之间,定量限在0.02～1.81μS/kg之间,能够满足大量样品快速准确分析的需要.     

顶空-气相色谱/质谱联用法测定水和废水中8种苯系物

采用顶空进样-气相色谱/质谱联用法(HS-GC/MS)测定水和废水中苯、甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、间二甲苯、邻二甲苯、异丙苯、苯乙烯等8种苯系物,优化了分析条件,讨论了色谱柱极性、加热温度、平衡时间和进样次数对测定结果的影响。8种苯系物在1.00μg/L～1 000μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0.22μg/L～0.38μg/L,实际样品平行测定的相对标准偏差5.0%,加标回收率在86.0%～115%之间。     

固定化微生物修复石油污染土壤特性试验

利用梯度稀释法分离筛选原油降解混合菌,采用吸附法将混合菌固定在砾石和草炭土上,探讨固定化混合菌对土壤石油烃的去除效果。结果表明:分离得到的混合菌8-2,菌群结构简单,石油烃降解率可达52.1%。与砾石相比,草炭土所固定的微生物数量和活性较高,可达1.3×108 cfu/g和0.24A487。草炭土固定的混合菌8-2,修复含油量为30g/kg的污染土壤30d后,石油烃降解率达28.4%,高于游离降解菌的24.3%。固定化载体草炭土在修复过程中起到了微生物缓释剂的作用。     

Volatile organic compounds at swine facilities: A critical review

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are regulated aerial pollutants that have environmental and health concerns. Swine operations produce and emit a complex mixture of VOCs with a wide range of molecular weights and a variety of physicochemical properties. Significant progress has been made in this area since the first experiment on VOCs at a swine facility in the early 1960s. A total of 47 research institutions in 15 North American, European, and Asian countries contributed to an increasing number of scientific publications. Nearly half of the research papers were published by U.S. institutions.Investigated major VOC sources included air inside swine barns, in headspaces of manure storages and composts, in open atmosphere above swine wastewater, and surrounding swine farms. They also included liquid swine manure and wastewater, and dusts inside and outside swine barns. Most of the sample analyses have been focusing on identification of VOC compounds and their relationship with odors. More than 500 VOCs have been identified. About 60% and 10% of the studies contributed to the quantification of VOC concentrations and emissions, respectively. The largest numbers of VOC compounds with reported concentrations in a single experimental study were 82 in air, 36 in manure, and 34 in dust samples.The relatively abundant VOC compounds that were quantified in at least two independent studies included acetic acid, butanoic acid (butyric acid), dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, iso-valeric, p-cresol, propionic acid, skatole, trimethyl amine, and valeric acid in air. They included acetic acid, p-cresol, iso-butyric acid, butyric acid, indole, phenol, propionic acid, iso-valeric acid, and skatole in manure. In dust samples, they were acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, p-cresol, hexanal, and decanal. Swine facility VOCs were preferentially bound to smaller-size dusts.Identification and quantification of VOCs were restricted by using instruments based on gas Chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) with different detectors most of which require time-consuming procedures to obtain results. Various methodologies and technologies in sampling, sample preparation, and sample analysis have been used. Only four publications reported using GC based analyzers and PTR-MS (proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry) that allowed continuous VOC measurement. Because of this, the majority of experimental studies were only performed on limited numbers of air, manure, or dust samples. Many aerial VOCs had concentrations that were too low to be identified by the GC peaks.Although VOCs emitted from swine facilities have environmental concerns, only a few studies investigated VOC emission rates, which ranged from 3.0 to 176.5 mg d⁻¹ kg⁻¹ pig at swine finishing barns and from 2.3 to 45.2 g d⁻¹ m⁻² at manure storages. Similar to the other pollutants, spatial and temporal variations of aerial VOC concentrations and emissions existed and were significantly affected by manure management systems, barn structural designs, and ventilation rates.Scientific research in this area has been mainly driven by odor nuisance, instead of environment or health concerns. Compared with other aerial pollutants in animal agriculture, the current scientific knowledge about VOCs at swine facilities is still very limited and far from sufficient to develop reliable emission factors.