饮用水中卤代产物及前驱物的形成与控制

简述了目前国内对饮用水中卤代烃类化合物的研究现状，根据对饮用水中卤代产物的形成及浓度受水源水中前驱物、饮用水消毒处理方法等因素的影响，阐述了控制饮用水消毒过程中卤代烃的形成途径。     

石油污染与微生物群落结构的相互影响

从两种土壤中分别分离出石油烃降解菌,并从中筛选出6株石油烃高效降解菌A1、A2、A6、A8和B2及B5,然后将各菌株鉴定至属,分别为A1假单胞菌属、A2鞘氨醇单胞菌属、A6微球菌属、A8节杆菌属、B2不动杆菌属和B5诺卡氏菌属。另外对比分析了单菌株及不同菌株重组对不同石油烃组分的利用情况,结果发现,从不同石油污染的土壤中分离到的菌株对石油烃组分的利用能力不同,从胜利原油污染的土壤中分离到的菌株A1、A2、A6和A8对石油烃组分的利用范围窄,主要利用饱和烃组分;而从经芳香烃驯化过的土壤中分离到的菌株B2及B5对石油烃利用组分的利用范围较宽,能同时利用饱和烃和芳香烃组分。     

水体中多环芳烃的来源,迁移及转化

本文概述了环境中多环芳烃(PAH)的三种主要来源:生物合成、化石燃料的开采与利用、有机物的热分解;迁移入水体的四种主要途径:石油泄漏、空中沉降、土壤雨水径流、污水排放;以及水体中PAH的两种主要转化方式:光氧化、生物降解。     

高压液相色谱(HPLC)测定油气田污染源中的多环芳烃

给出了高压液相色谱测定油气田污染源中多环芳烃方法的线性范围、检测下限、精密度、准确度、定性分析方法及实际样品的测定结果。     

基于三维空间插值技术的某场地中总石油烃污染分布确定

为了解总石油烃在场地中的扩散分布规律,立体呈现其污染分布特征,选择华北某污染场地为研究对象,分层采集土壤样品并采用三维空间插值软件EVS-Pro建立地质模型和污染插值模型,对C16总石油烃(脂肪族)(以下简称总石油烃)分布特征进行分析。结果表明:不同采样点位污染物浓度分布差异明显,总石油烃最高值是DB11/T 811—2011《场地土壤环境风险评价筛选值》的11.71倍;场地内污染物表现出较强的垂直和水平迁移能力,在空间中的迁移分布特征与生产历史状况、水文地质条件密切相关。研究表明,通过三维插值模型构建的插值结果可以更加直观地呈现污染分布,更好地反映各因素对总石油烃分布的影响。     

石油降解菌对石油烃中不同组分的降解及演化特征研究

从甘肃华庆油田油井附近石油污染的土壤中得到5种菌属的石油降解菌,以各菌剂对原油不同组分的降解率及其标志物演化参数为基础,利用GC-MS联用技术分析测定了7 d和15 d石油烃中正构烷烃、藿烷、芳香烃的降解率,用各种标志物反映各菌剂对原油中正构烷烃、藿烷、芳香烃演化特征.结果表明:F2、A5、混合菌(H)对于高碳数段的正构烷烃降解率高达60%以上,混合菌剂对于正构烷烃的降解较均衡;正构烷烃在前后两个阶段的降解呈现出对低碳和高碳降解的互补规律,奇偶碳数优势(OEP)在15 d更明显;F2菌剂的w(∑C21-)/w(∑C22+)值说明对其高碳数降解优势最明显;各菌w(Pr)/w(Ph)比值均大于原油,说明原油中类异戊二烯烷烃在不同菌剂的作用中发生了明显的降解.各菌剂作用能促使五环三萜类化合物的手性碳R构型向更稳定的S构型转化,短期内已接近转化终点;A5对藿烷降解的w(Ts)/w(Tm)比值最大(0.966),转化最彻底;A5、D4和F2菌株后期作用原油时,藿烷系列的降解速率明显大于正构烷烃系列,表现出降解藿烷的优势;各菌剂对芳香烃具有强烈的去甲基化作用,A5和D4菌降解芳烃优势更明显.     

Sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on glass surfaces

Sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to glass commonly used in laboratories was studied. Sorption coefficients (K_d) of five selected PAHs to borosilicate glass surfaces were measured using column chromatography. A linear relationship between log K_d and the corresponding water solubility of the subcooled liquid (log S_w) of the investigated PAHs was observed. Based on the determined sorption coefficients our data revealed that mass loss caused by sorption on glass walls strongly depends on the ratio of solution volume to contacted surface area (V/S). The influence of solution chemistry such as ionic strength, solution pH, presence of cosolvent, and the influence of temperature on the sorption process were investigated. In the presence of ionic strength, sorption coefficients concurrently increased but less than a factor of 2 up to 0.005 M calcium chloride concentration. However, further increasing ionic strength had no influence on K_d. The cosolvent reduced sorption at a concentration of methanol in water above 0.5% (v/v); however, for benzo[a]pyrene even with 10% (v/v) methanol the mass loss would be still higher than 10% (with a V/S ratio less than 0.25). Significant effects of the solution pH and temperature were not observed. These results suggest that van der Waal’s forces dominate the sorption process. In the analysis of highly hydrophobic PAHs in aqueous samples, mass loss due to sorption on glass walls should be accounted for in the final result if untreated glass is used. The presented relationship between log K_d and log S_w may help to decide if such a correction is necessary. Furthermore, the frequently used silanization of glass surfaces may not be sufficient to suppress sorption for large PAHs.     

顶空-气相色谱/质谱联用法测定水和废水中8种苯系物

采用顶空进样-气相色谱/质谱联用法(HS-GC/MS)测定水和废水中苯、甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、间二甲苯、邻二甲苯、异丙苯、苯乙烯等8种苯系物,优化了分析条件,讨论了色谱柱极性、加热温度、平衡时间和进样次数对测定结果的影响。8种苯系物在1.00μg/L～1 000μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0.22μg/L～0.38μg/L,实际样品平行测定的相对标准偏差5.0%,加标回收率在86.0%～115%之间。     

固定化微生物修复石油污染土壤特性试验

利用梯度稀释法分离筛选原油降解混合菌,采用吸附法将混合菌固定在砾石和草炭土上,探讨固定化混合菌对土壤石油烃的去除效果。结果表明:分离得到的混合菌8-2,菌群结构简单,石油烃降解率可达52.1%。与砾石相比,草炭土所固定的微生物数量和活性较高,可达1.3×108 cfu/g和0.24A487。草炭土固定的混合菌8-2,修复含油量为30g/kg的污染土壤30d后,石油烃降解率达28.4%,高于游离降解菌的24.3%。固定化载体草炭土在修复过程中起到了微生物缓释剂的作用。     

Volatile organic compounds at swine facilities: A critical review

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are regulated aerial pollutants that have environmental and health concerns. Swine operations produce and emit a complex mixture of VOCs with a wide range of molecular weights and a variety of physicochemical properties. Significant progress has been made in this area since the first experiment on VOCs at a swine facility in the early 1960s. A total of 47 research institutions in 15 North American, European, and Asian countries contributed to an increasing number of scientific publications. Nearly half of the research papers were published by U.S. institutions.Investigated major VOC sources included air inside swine barns, in headspaces of manure storages and composts, in open atmosphere above swine wastewater, and surrounding swine farms. They also included liquid swine manure and wastewater, and dusts inside and outside swine barns. Most of the sample analyses have been focusing on identification of VOC compounds and their relationship with odors. More than 500 VOCs have been identified. About 60% and 10% of the studies contributed to the quantification of VOC concentrations and emissions, respectively. The largest numbers of VOC compounds with reported concentrations in a single experimental study were 82 in air, 36 in manure, and 34 in dust samples.The relatively abundant VOC compounds that were quantified in at least two independent studies included acetic acid, butanoic acid (butyric acid), dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, iso-valeric, p-cresol, propionic acid, skatole, trimethyl amine, and valeric acid in air. They included acetic acid, p-cresol, iso-butyric acid, butyric acid, indole, phenol, propionic acid, iso-valeric acid, and skatole in manure. In dust samples, they were acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, p-cresol, hexanal, and decanal. Swine facility VOCs were preferentially bound to smaller-size dusts.Identification and quantification of VOCs were restricted by using instruments based on gas Chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) with different detectors most of which require time-consuming procedures to obtain results. Various methodologies and technologies in sampling, sample preparation, and sample analysis have been used. Only four publications reported using GC based analyzers and PTR-MS (proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry) that allowed continuous VOC measurement. Because of this, the majority of experimental studies were only performed on limited numbers of air, manure, or dust samples. Many aerial VOCs had concentrations that were too low to be identified by the GC peaks.Although VOCs emitted from swine facilities have environmental concerns, only a few studies investigated VOC emission rates, which ranged from 3.0 to 176.5 mg d⁻¹ kg⁻¹ pig at swine finishing barns and from 2.3 to 45.2 g d⁻¹ m⁻² at manure storages. Similar to the other pollutants, spatial and temporal variations of aerial VOC concentrations and emissions existed and were significantly affected by manure management systems, barn structural designs, and ventilation rates.Scientific research in this area has been mainly driven by odor nuisance, instead of environment or health concerns. Compared with other aerial pollutants in animal agriculture, the current scientific knowledge about VOCs at swine facilities is still very limited and far from sufficient to develop reliable emission factors.