长江流域沉积物中黑碳分布及其与多环芳烃的相关性研究

本文采用CTO-375法测定了长江流域主流及直流20个表层沉积物中黑碳的含量,探讨了沉积物中黑碳与粒度、总有机碳以及多环芳烃之间的关系。结果表明,长江流域沉积物中黑碳的含量范围在0.22~1.89mg/g之间,与粘土、粉砂及砂含量之间的相关性并不明显,说明粒度组成并不是控制BC分布的主要因素。BC与TOC之间的显著正相关性,表明BC与TOC有相似的来源,如人类活动、土壤流失。沉积物中BC与PAHs有较好的相关性,表明二者之间有相似的来源,同时也表明PAHs在研究区域沉积物中吸附主要由BC控制,这为研究多环芳烃在长江流域的环境归趋与影响因素等提供了新的信息。     

滇池沉积物中多环芳烃赋存状态及其再分配的初步研究

利用索氏抽提、Tenax部分萃取和沉积物的粒度和密度分离等方法对滇池沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的赋存状态及其再分配进行了研究。研究结果表明:滇池沉积物中PAHs主要存在于小粒度和低密度的组分中;尽管PAHs在粒度分布上存在一定的差异,但沉积物中碳质吸附剂的组成和含量才是决定PAHs在沉积物中赋存状态的主要因素;由于PAHs与沉积物中不同吸附剂相互作用的差异,随着时间的推移,沉积物中的PAHs存在一个再分配过程,吸附在无定形有机质和无机矿物等弱吸附剂上的PAHs逐渐向黑炭、焦炭等碳质吸附剂上转移,导致沉积物中的PAHs慢慢被锁定,因而其生物有效性也逐渐下降。     

氯代烃污染地下水修复技术研究进展

针对地下水氯代烃污染修复最为常用的七种技术进行了比较,各项修复技术适用范围有所区别,根据地下水污染物种类、污染程度、地质条件等的不同,可以针对性的选择最为适合的修复技术,各项之间也可以联用以达到更好的修复效果。通过对比发现,抽出处理技术和渗透反应墙技术可用于对污染物扩散范围的控制,原位曝气技术、生物修复技术和化学氧化技术可以针对地下水污染源区进行修复,植物修复技术和监测自然衰减技术可用于微污染区域的长期修复。     

油田区土壤石油烃组分残留特性研究

为了揭示石油开采区土壤石油烃组成及残留特性,探讨石油污染物的来源与风化程度,采集了胜利油田孤岛和河口采油区共5口油井周边土壤样品及原油样品,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析原油及土壤样品中的链烷烃(正烷烃+姥鲛烷+植烷)及多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)共51种石油烃单体的含量.结果表明,与原油相比,油田区土壤总提取物中链烷烃与PAHs所占的比例明显偏低;土壤石油烃的组分构成与原油相比,链烷烃中碳数小于12的正烷烃比例明显降低,而高碳数正烷烃比例增加.选择正十八烷/植烷作为指示土壤风化程度的标志,利用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)法分析其与土壤中各石油烃组分的关系,结果显示碳数大于33的正烷烃与中环芳香烃具有高残留性.利用主成分分析综合分析用于土壤石油烃来源识别的4个指标,结果表明,土壤中的石油烃具有明显的原油"指纹".研究结果为油田土壤污染特性的认识提供了依据与基础.     

4阶导数光谱法同时测定酚类及芳胺的统计性检验

介绍４阶导数光谱法同时测定污水中酚类及芳胺方法的统计性检验，通过样品加标回收实验以及Ｆ检验和ｔ检验证明该方法的精密度和准确度均优于国家环保局推荐的４－氨基安替比林先度法删酚和萘乙二胺偶氮光度法测芳胺的实验方法。     

大庆地区空气中总烃与非甲烷烃分布规律研究

分析了大庆地区空气中总径与非甲烷烃的比例关系，年、季、日变化规律及浓度水平。说明了总径与非甲烷径浓度水平在采暖期和非采暖期无显著差别，且冬、夏分布大体一致，高浓度多集中于大庆市东北部，浓度值向西南偏南方向递减，总烃总体浓度冬季较夏季偏向于西南这一规律。讨论了气候条件对分布规律的影响，并指出总烂的主要来源是油田开发和机动车尾气排放。     

大庆地区总悬浮微粒中苯溶物及多环芳烃的测定与评价

通过对大庆地区总悬浮微粒（TSP）中主要化学组成──苯溶物、多环芳烃的测定分析得知：苯溶物占TSP的百分含量，年均值为10．31％，在空气中的平均浓度为12．5μg／m3。与北京燕山地区1983～1984年3个生活区（迎风、东风、东炼）苯溶物年平均值比较，大庆地区苯溶物含量较低。而对总悬浮微粒中多环芳烃的测定结果可明显看出各点采暖期苯并（a）芘、多环芳烃总量的浓度虽都明显高于非采暖期，但其致癌强度和浓度都比北京市、太原市及兰州市弱、低。     

Extractable Hydrocarbons, Nickel and Vanadium Contents of Ogbodo-Isiokpo Oil Spill Polluted Soils in Niger Delta, Nigeria

An oil spill polluted site at Ogbodo-Isiokpo in Ikwere Local Government Area of Rivers State in southern Nigeria, was identified for study following three successive reconnaissance surveys of oil fields in the Agbada west plain of Eastern Niger Delta. A sampling area of 200 m × 200 m was delimited at the oil spill impacted site using the grid technique and soils were collected at surface (0–15 cm) and subsurface (15–30 cm) depths from three replicate quadrats. A geographically similar, unaffected area, located 50 m adjacent to the polluted site, was chosen as a control (reference) site. Total extractable hydrocarbon contents of the polluted soils ranged from 3.02–4.54 and 1.60–4.20 mg/kg (no overlap in standard errors) at surface and subsurface depths respectively. The concentrations of two “diagnostic” trace heavy metals, nickel (Ni) and vanadium (V), which are normal constituents of crude oil, were also determined in the soils by atomic absorption spectrophotometric method after pre-extraction of cations with dithionite–citrate carbonate. Ni varied from 0.15 to 1.65 mg/kg in the polluted plots and from 0.18 to 0.82 mg/kg in the unpolluted plots; vanadium varied from 0.19 to 0.70 mg/kg in the polluted plots and from 0.14 to 0.38 mg/kg in the unpolluted plots. Ni and V were more enhanced (p < 0.05) in the oil-polluted soils, especially at subsurface depth. Whilst the oil spillage could be said to be indirectly responsible for the enhanced concentrations of nickel and vanadium via the injection and availability of the petroleum hydrocarbons that might have increased the activities of biodegradation on site, the physico-chemical properties of the soils and inherent mobility of metals, as well as the intense rainfall and flooding that characterized the period of study, may have also contributed, at least in part, to these enhanced concentrations. Such levels of Ni and V may result to enhanced absorption by plants, which may bring about possible bioaccumulation in such plants and the animals that depend on them for survival and all of these may lead to toxic reactions along the food chain.     

Synthesis, separation and identification of dinitropyrene isomers

Dinitropyrenes (DNP) were prepared by nitration of pyrene, and the product was characterized by MS and elemental analysis. Three isomers of DNP were separated by HPLC and identified by 1H-NMR. The eating sequence on the normal phase column is 1, 3-DNP, 1, 6-DNP and 1, 8-DNP, whereas is 1, 6-DNP, 1. 8-DNP and 1. 3-DNP on the reversed phase column. The separation of three DNP isomers under different chromatographic conditions was also discussed.     

含油及碳氢化合物污泥处理方法

对固体废物有毒有害物质进行处理或处置的方法有掩埋法、焚烧法及高温热解、溶剂洗涤等方法。文中介绍了一种化学处理方法,在脱水、固化、稳定、中和、钝化的系统处理过程中,同时交叉进行物理、化学和热分解反应。利用这种方法处理含油及碳氢化合物污泥,能降低碳氢化合物废物中有毒有害成分的含量,使其毒性、危险性得到有效控制。该方法主要应用于石油化工、油田开发工业、煤加工工业、冶金工业等领域。