广州石化HSE管理体系建立实践

本文论述了广州分公司安全、环境与健康管理体系的特点,描述了体系建立过程所做的工作以及初步应用的情况,并就体系建立过程中的几个关键问题进行了探讨.     

蓝藻毒素的毒性及其生物富集、暴露途径和危险度评估

概述了淡水蓝藻释放的毒素，在毒性、生物富集等方面的某些研究进展，并探讨了人其与人群健康相关的主要暴露途径及危险度评估。蓝藻毒素的暴露途径主要有“皮肤接触、呼吸道吸入、血液透析、消化道摄入等。未来的研究将集中于不同暴露途径下，蓝藻毒素对人群健康效应的现场评价，并提出合理的预防措施及对其进行现场考核。     

食用油烟对健康的影响

综述了近年来国内外在食用油烟对机体健康的影响方面所开展的工作情况，目前有关食用油烟的研究重点是：体外致突变性试验；对肺癌（尤其是女性）的流行病学调查分析；及油烟加热产物整体组分的实验研究等。现有的研究：为防治油烟的危害提供了一定的方法，如降低油温；避免煎炸油的反复使用；在食油精制过程中进行氢化和添加抗氧化剂；加强油烟排除设施等。作者认为，开展职业暴露人群的长期追踪调查，分离鉴定油烟中的致变物并寻找     

关于建筑企业中的EHS管理体系研究

目前在外企中实行EHS管理已经较为普遍，重点介绍在建筑行业中如何构建环境、健康和安全的管理体系。由管理承诺、规划、执行、检查改进和管理评审五部分组成，全面融合了环境、健康和安全的理念，并将ISO14001环境管理体系有机地整合到该体系中。     

Occurrence and formation of disinfection by-products in the swimming pool environment: A critical review

Disinfection of water for human use is essential to protect against microbial disease; however, disinfection also leads to formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), some of which are of health concern. From a chemical perspective, swimming pools are a complex matrix, with continual addition of a wide range of natural and anthropogenic chemicals via filling waters, disinfectant addition, pharmaceuticals and personal care products and human body excretions. Natural organic matter, trace amounts of DBPs and chlorine or chloramines may be introduced by the filling water, which is commonly disinfected distributed drinking water. Chlorine and/or bromine is continually introduced via the addition of chemical disinfectants to the pool. Human body excretions (sweat, urine and saliva) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (sunscreens, cosmetics, hair products and lotions) are introduced by swimmers. High addition of disinfectant leads to a high formation of DBPs from reaction of some of the chemicals with the disinfectant. Swimming pool air is also of concern as volatile DBPs partition into the air above the pool. The presence of bromine leads to the formation of a wide range of bromo- and bromo/chloro-DBPs, and Br-DBPs are more toxic than their chlorinated analogues. This is particularly important for seawater-filled pools or pools using a bromine-based disinfectant. This review summarises chemical contaminants and DBPs in swimming pool waters, as well as in the air above pools. Factors that have been found to affect DBP formation in pools are discussed. The impact of the swimming pool environment on human health is reviewed.     

Testing the validity of the “value of a prevented fatality” (VPF) used to assess UK safety measures

The “value of a prevented fatality” (VPF), the maximum amount that it is notionally reasonable to pay for a safety measure that will reduce by one the expected number of preventable premature deaths in a large population, is published by the UK Department for Transport (DfT). The figure, updated for changes in GDP per head, is used by the DfT, the Health and Safety Executive and other UK regulatory bodies as well as very widely in the process, nuclear and other industries as the standard by which to judge how much to spend to reduce harm to humans. The paper tests the validity of the 1999 study on which the VPF is based and finds that that study fails numerous tests of its validity. It is concluded that there is no evidential base for the VPF that has been used for many years in the UK and is still in standard use today. Given the difficulties evident in the interpretation of survey results, an urgent re-appraisal is needed of alternative statistical methodologies that can allow robust regulatory and industry safety decision making and, vitally, give adequate protection to the UK public and to those working in the UK's transport, process, nuclear and other industries.     

Root causes of hydrocarbon leaks on offshore petroleum installations

Hydrocarbon leaks on offshore installations may result in severe consequences to personnel, to the environment and to assets. In order to prevent such leaks, it is crucial to understand their root causes. The objective of this paper is to study the circumstances of hydrocarbon leaks on the Norwegian continental shelf (NCS). In the study, all reported hydrocarbon leaks from process inventories on all offshore installations on the NCS, with an initial leak rate higher than 0.1 kg/s in the period 2008–2014, have been considered. This includes 78 hydrocarbon leaks, of which about 60% have occurred during manual intervention on normally pressurized systems. The dominating activity when leaks occur is preventive maintenance. A significant fraction of the leaks occur during the preparation for maintenance; such a preparation is typically carried out during the night shift. About half of the leaks are associated with wellhead area and manifolds, separation and compression systems. A substantial fraction of the leaks can be associated with verification faults, dominated by the failure to comply with procedural requirements that are needed to carry out independent verification.     

Mineral content of drinking water in lowland papua

This study presents concentration of nine minerals (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl, Mn, Zn, Cd, Pb) in 31 drinking water samples collected in the Papua New Guinea lowland, where coastal villagers draw water from artificial wells blended with sea water, riverside villagers utilize brackish river water, and inland villagers fetch creek or swamp water whose chemical composition is close to rain water. During the dry season, the coastal well water contains 500 mgL⁻¹ of sodium and 50–90 μgL⁻¹ of lead. The inland creek or swamp water contains very small amount of minerals; on the average, for instance, 0.64 mgL⁻¹ of magnesium, 0.84 mgL⁻¹ of calcium, and 4.78 mgL⁻¹ of water hardness (as CaCO₃). From some epidemiological evidence in industrialized countries, these mineral concentrations are judged to be indicative of high risk of cardiovascular disorders.     

Snowblower injuries in Vermont, 1981–1984

The Vermont Department of Health carried out two studies of snowblower injuries in Vermont during the winters of 1982–1983 and 1983–1984. The first was a case-control study in which we assessed risk factors that predisposed operators to injury during snowblower use. We found 20 persons who had been injured by snowblowers and matched 28 controls to these by neighborhood. In this study, owning a snowblower for 1 year or less and having operated a snowblower for 10 days or less in one's lifetime were significantly associated with injury. The second study was population-based. We estimated that approximately 1.5% of Vermont residents owned snowblowers during the winter of 1982–1983 and that, among snowblower owners, injuries occurred at a rate of 1.3/1,000 person-years of ownership (0.1% chance of injury).     

劳动安全卫生标准化现状及建议

本文着重阐述了劳动安全卫生标准化工作的内涵与意义,分析了劳动安全卫生标准化工作的国内外现状,针对问题提出了加快我国劳动安全卫生标准发展的几项建议。