建筑火灾过渡区域数值模拟选取计算区域的判据研究

在建筑火灾的计算机模拟中,计算区域的选取密切关系到计算结果的合理性。已有研究针对单一开口小室在火灾燃料控制阶段和通风控制阶段时计算区域如何选取进行了分析并得到了定量的结论,该文在此基础上改进结果处理的方法,提出一种新的定量分析计算区域合理选取的方法,对单一开口小室在火灾两阶段间的过渡区域如何选取计算区域进行了定量分析。     

劳动安全卫生标准体系编制探讨

阐述了劳动安全卫生标准体系研究的目的与意义,分析比较了劳动安全卫生标准分类的几种可能方案,着重讨论并提出整个劳动安全卫生标准体系的层次结构方框图。     

The exposure risks associated with pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes in bioaerosol from municipal landfill and surrounding area

Pathogenic microbes with antibiotic resistance can thrive on municipal solid waste as nutrients and be aerosolized and transported to vicinities during waste disposal processes. However, the characterization of pathogenic bioaerosols and assessment of their exposure risks are lacking. Herein, particle size, concentration, activity, antibiotic resistance, and pathogenicity of airborne microorganisms were assessed in different sectors of a typical landfill. Results showed that active sector in downwind direction has the highest bioaerosol level (1234 CFU/m³), while residential area has the highest activity (14.82 mg/L). Botanical deodorizer from mist cannon can effectively remove bioaerosol. Most bioaerosols can be inhaled into respiratory system till bronchi with sizes ranging from 2.1−3.3 and 3.3−4.7 µm. Pathogenic bacteria (Bacilli, Bacillus, and Burkholderia-Paraburkholderia) and allergenic fungi (Aspergillus, Cladosporium, and Curvularia) prevailed in landfill. Although high abundance of microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOCs) producing bioaerosols were detected, these mVOCs contributed little to odor issues in landfill. Notably, surrounding areas have higher levels of antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) than inner landfill with tetC, acrB, acrF, mdtF, and bacA as dominant ones. Most ARGs were significantly correlated with bacterial community, while environmental parameters mainly influenced fungal prevalence. These findings can assist in reducing and preventing respiratory allergy or infection risks in occupational environments relating to waste management.     

Improving pesticide regulation in the third world: The role of an independent hazard auditor

Central to the environmental and health hazards created by the expanding use of pesticides in developing countries is the weakness of national regulatory agencies. This article reviews current international efforts aimed at supporting these institutions and describes the contribution that an external “hazard auditor” might make in assessing the pesticide industry's adherence to accepted standards of health and environmental protection. An independent evaluation of this kind may prove attractive to all parties in the long-standing confrontation over the control of pesticide technology: the industry, public interest groups, developing and developed countries, and international agencies. The article outlines one approach to operationalizing the concept and examines initial responses to the proposal. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Commission on Occupational Health/International Development Research Centre Symposium on the Impact of Pesticide Use on Health in Developing Countries, 17–21 September 1990, Ottawa, Canada.     

煤层底板突水的突变理论预测方法及其应用

基于煤层底板突水的尖点突变特征 ,应用突变理论的方法 ,针对煤层底板突水预测指标监测信号 ,分析了单变量序列尖点突变模型及其稳定判据 ,提出了煤层底板突水的突变理论预测方法。实例表明 ,预测结果与现场工程实际情况相一致 ,证明了该方法可望成为预测煤层底板突水危险性的一条新的有效途径     

光纤Bragg光栅传感器实现斜拉桥索力实时监测的研究

民用工程结构的健康监测 ,日益引起人们的重视 ,光纤传感技术 ,尤其是光纤光栅传感技术 ,因其易构成高性能、低成本的传感器阵列 ,并在结构监测应用工程中 ,具有巨大的潜力。笔者介绍一种斜拉桥索力实时监测的新方法即光纤光栅法。将光纤光栅刚性粘贴于传感头外表面上 ,使传感头承受拉索的索力 ,通过对光纤光栅波长移动量 (Δλb)的解调 ,以测出索力的大小。通过实验结果与理论分析证明 ,该测试系统具有结构简单、测量范围大、稳定性和线性度好等特点 ,该监测系统既可用于斜拉桥施工阶段的索力测定 ,也可以用于在役斜拉桥结构的长期安全监测。     

经济增长速度对抗震设防标准的需求

如果说西方发达国家的抗震设防标准是和其经济增长速度相适应的,那么中国也应如此。 本文建议了两种方法,用以估计适合我国国情的抗震设防标准:①理论归纳,②类比推理。前者虽然在逻辑上比较严密,但由于涉及到各界专家和管理阶层的协作,非笔者力所能及。 本文以第二种方法展开讨论。其要义是:设想西方发达国家的经济增长速度不是1％～4％,而是中国的8％～12％,这些国家的专家会如何修改他们的抗震设防标准?按此思路,我国的抗震设防标准应向下调整。以一般工业与民用建筑为例,可用P_(20)(a)=10％,取代现行国际惯例的P_(50)(a)=10％。 这样做的后果大体是:设防地震烈度在学术误差范围内降低半度,而抗震投资则以指数方式下降。     

厨房空气中甲醛卫生标准的研究

通过对甲醛嗅及刺激阈的测试，毒理学资料分析，结合现场流行病学调查，提出了厨房空气中甲醛的一次最高容浓度为０．１３ｍｇ／ｍ＾３。     

HIA, the next step: Defining models and roles

If HIA is to be an effective instrument for optimising health interests in the policy making process it has to recognise the different contests in which policy is made and the relevance of both technical rationality and political rationality. Policy making may adopt a rational perspective in which there is a systematic and orderly progression from problem formulation to solution or a network perspective in which there are multiple interdependencies, extensive negotiation and compromise, and the steps from problem to formulation are not followed sequentially or in any particular order. Policy problems may be simple with clear causal pathways and responsibilities or complex with unclear causal pathways and disputed responsibilities. Network analysis is required to show which stakeholders are involved, their support for health issues and the degree of consensus.From this analysis three models of HIA emerge. The first is the phases model which is fitted to simple problems and a rational perspective of policymaking. This model involves following structured steps. The second model is the rounds (Echternach) model that is fitted to complex problems and a network perspective of policymaking. This model is dynamic and concentrates on network solutions taking these steps in no particular order. The final model is the “garbage can” model fitted to contexts which combine simple and complex problems. In this model HIA functions as a problem solver and signpost keeping all possible solutions and stakeholders in play and allowing solutions to emerge over time. HIA models should be the beginning rather than the conclusion of discussion the worlds of HIA and policymaking.     

影响人类健康的可呼吸性和可吸入颗粒物的研究近况

可呼吸性(粒径小于2.5μm)和可吸入颗粒物(粒径小于10μm)对人体健康的影响越来越引起人们的高度重视,该文将近几年来在可呼吸性和可吸入颗粒物对人类健康影响方面的研究予以评述。