Identification of priority pharmaceuticals in the water environment of China

In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the trace-level contamination of pharmaceuticals in the water environment all over the world. Considering a large number of pharmaceuticals used, it is crucial to establish a priority list of pharmaceuticals that should be monitored and/or treated first. In the present study, we developed a ranking system based on the pharmaceutical consumption, removal performance in the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and potential ecological effects, and applied to the situation of China. 39 pharmaceuticals, which had available consumption data and also been reported previously in the WWTPs of China, were selected as candidate pharmaceuticals. Among them, seventeen pharmaceuticals were considered as priority pharmaceuticals, out of which, erythromycin, diclofenac acid and ibuprofen, had the high priority. Compared with other literatures, we found that some pharmaceuticals given concerns to globally should also be included in the priority list in China; while some pharmaceuticals, not mentioned in other literatures, such as cefalexin, ketoconazole, should be also given prior consideration in China. Among all the therapeutic classes, antibiotics, which were grossly abused in China, contributed the most to the priority pharmaceuticals. However, priority antibiotics accounted for only 32% of candidate antibiotics, while 71% and 100% of the candidate anti-inflammatory and antilipidemic respectively were identified as the priority pharmaceuticals, indicating that antibiotics might be overanxiously considered in the previous studies on their behaviors in the WWTPs of China.     

基于尺寸效应的采空区危险度RS-TOPSIS法辨识

为准确预测地下采空区危险性,选用采空区结构的跨度、暴露面积、高度、埋深、矿柱尺寸布置等5个采空区危险度结构尺寸影响因素作为评价指标,建立采空区危险度粗糙集-逼近理想解排序法(RS-TOPSIS)综合评价体系。基于粗糙集理论(RS)中的粗糙依赖度,通过计算评价指标与评价等级间的粗糙依赖度得到指标权重。以40个采空区探测系统(CMS)实测采空区作为评价对象,根据单指标分类区间下限构造5个不同等级的典型采空区,结合逼近理想解的排序法(TOPSIS),实现采空区危险度5级贴近度的分类,并辨识实测采空区危险度。研究结果表明,用为采空区群矿山建立的采空区危险度基于结构尺寸效应的RS-TOPSIS法,能够实现危险度5级分类辨识,辨识结果与采空区危险度数值分析结果吻合度为92.5%。     

生物炭的土壤环境效应及其机制研究

近年来,随着土壤污染的逐渐加重以及食品安全问题的频出,生物炭作为重要的土壤改良剂以及对污染土壤修复表现出的巨大潜力引起人们的广泛关注.本文首先对国内外生物炭的土壤环境效应方面的研究以及成果进行分析总结.生物炭具有疏松多孔的性质以及巨大的表面积和阳离子交换量(CEC),可以改善土壤理化性质,能强烈吸附土壤中的污染物,降低其生物有效性和迁移转化能力;生物炭的碱性对于改良酸性土壤降低土壤中污染物的生物毒性具有很大的潜力;生物炭还可以为微生物提供生长繁殖的场所,有利于微生物对污染物的降解,但同时又可以保护被吸附的有机物免受微生物的降解,对不同的微生物影响不同;生物炭可以对蚯蚓等土壤动物的生存产生影响.在此基础上,依据生物炭的基本理化性质,对其土壤环境效应机制进行了分析.最后,从当前工作中存在的不足对今后的研究重点和方向进行了展望.     

Removal of methylene blue by coupling black carbon adsorption with TiO2 photodegradation

In this study, the removal of methylene blue (MB) by the coupling of black carbon (BC) and TiO₂ was investigated. The effects of different parameters such as catalyst dose, sorbent, initial concentrations of dye, pH of the solutions, recycles on discoloration, and chemical oxidation demand (COD) reduction of MB were monitored to optimize the reaction conditions. The discoloration and COD conversation rate of MB obtained by the coupling process were 100% after 90?min irradiation. The synergistic effect of MB-adsorption on BC followed by degradation through TiO₂ photocatalysis was proved by FT–IR spectrophotometer. The BC as by-product of natural materials is a promising adsorbent for waste water treatment.     

The inhibitory combustion reaction performance and tail gas analysis of composite ultra-fine dry powder extinguishing agent containing different additives

For lack of an extinguishing agent with high-efficiency, non-toxic and environmentally friendly, a new type of extinguishing agent was fabricated to solve such an urgent problem. In this study, the zinc borate (ZB) and ferrocene (Fe(Cp)₂) were utilized as two additives for extinguishants to suppress combustion reaction and the toxicity of the tail gas was detected. The mass fraction of ZB corresponding to the optimal inhibitory effect was determined to be 0.5–1.5%, by contrast, the optimum interval of Fe(Cp)₂ was detected as 0.5–1.0%. Similarly, with the increasing proportion of the two additives, the homologous inhibitory action was gradually weakened. From the perspective of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), it was indicated that the ZB accelerated the pyrolysis process of the extinguishant, making its thermal decomposition process more thoroughly. Meanwhile, the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) demonstrated that the decomposition efficiency was markedly improved when the amount of ZB was maintained at 0.5–1.5%. Besides, the tail gas tests were implemented to assess the extent of toxic and harmful properties. In terms of the carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) generated, once the mass fraction of ZB and Fe(Cp)₂ was less than 1.5% and 1.0% respectively, the concentration of CO and CO₂ was distinctly lower than that without additives. Moreover, the inhibitory ability on nitrogen oxides (NOx) was enhanced when the mass fraction of the two additives was kept below 1.0%. The results confirmed that a more practical extinguishant was proposed and it can provide guidance for the application and development of extinguishants.     

Influence of social capital on farmer household income gap: total effect and structural effect

Based on the survey data of typical villages in Shaanxi Province, China, the effect of social capital on the income gap of farmers’ households was analyzed using the Shapley value of the total amount of social capital and the social capital structure. The results show the following: first, social capital can expand the household income gap, and the effect of this index on the household income gap is 7.54%. Second, the indexes of the social capital dimension can expand the household income gap, and the structural effects of the household income gap on social networks, social trust, and social participation are 3.17%, 3.64%, and 0.65%, respectively. Third, no dimension of the path is the same as the effect on the household income gap.     

人工增雨（雪）效果评估方法探索

人工增雨（雪）常用的评估方法为统计检验和物理检验,统计检验需要大量试验样本,且随机化试验在我国难以实现,大量样本无从获得。物理检验目前主要是雷达观测演变状况和飞机直接观测云内微物理参数,由于技术和能力有限,这些方法都难以实现。为了在人工影响天气作业后尽快得出评估结果供政府及环境保护等部门参考,利用雨滴谱记录数据对一次人工增雪作业后的效果进行了评估,发现这些数据在没有常规降雪记录情况下具有一定的参考价值。从评估结果看,人工增雪作业后,降水强度有明显增大的趋势。     

Ni-MOFs对水中全氟烷基醚磺酸盐的吸附性能及机理

为有效去除水中的全氟烷基醚磺酸盐(F-53B),采用溶剂热法合成二维Ni-MOFs和三维Ni-MOFs材料。采用XRD、FTIR、SEM、N₂吸/脱附实验和热重分析对材料的结构形貌和热稳定性进行了表征,采用动力学和热力学实验以及对比分析,考察了Ni-MOFs对水中F-53B的吸附性能,并进一步结合理论计算探究了可能的吸附机理。结果表明,2种材料均具有明显的晶型,其中Ni是以双齿配位模式与有机骨架进行结合,二维Ni-MOFs呈现分散片层结构,三维Ni-MOFs则呈现出块状结构,二维Ni-MOFs比三维Ni-MOFs具有更高的比表面积、孔隙率和热稳定性。2种材料对F-53B的吸附均符合准二级动力学方程和Freundlich等温方程,二维Ni-MOFs的吸附速率常数和吸附容量分别达到0.002 4 g·(min·mg)⁻¹和451.2 mg·g⁻¹,比三维Ni-MOFs分别高出20%和16%,吸附过程以非均质多层吸附为主,受共存阴离子的影响较小。对F-53B的吸附性能与2种材料的构效有关,活性吸附位点和限域作用决定了二维Ni-MOFs比三维Ni-MOFs更优的吸附特性,吸附过程主要受静电作用控制。以上研究结果表明二维Ni-MOFs对F-53B的吸附性能较好,具有良好的应用前景。     

矿化垃圾生物覆盖层减少垃圾填埋场CH4、N2O和CO2释放的效应研究

对利用矿化垃圾构建生物覆盖层以削减填埋场温室气体的释放问题进行了深入研究,分析了环境因素对CH4释放的作用,考察了作为生物覆盖层材料的矿化垃圾的厚度变化对CH4氧化的影响.结果表明,温度为5～45℃时,矿化垃圾对CH4的氧化速率平均值分别约为黏性土和砂性土的2.35和4.71倍,CH4氧化速率随温度的升高而增加,并在35℃时达到最大值.当含水率w为16％ ～ 24％时,纯矿化垃圾覆盖层、半矿化垃圾覆盖层和砂性土覆盖层CH4氧化能力均达到最大.砂性土覆盖层和半矿化垃圾覆盖层CH4释放通量平均值分别为纯矿化垃圾覆盖层的329.8倍（P＜0.05）和91.7倍（P＜0.05）,添加矿化垃圾填料会增加覆盖层N2O释放通量,纯矿化垃圾覆盖层N2O（以N计）释放通量平均值分别为半矿化垃圾覆盖层和砂性土覆盖层的2.1倍（P＜0.05）和3.5倍（P＜0.05）.