Fluorescence studies of dye displacement from DNA by chromium(III) complexes: Evidence for cation induced DNA condensations

The interactions of 10 different chromium(III) complexes with isolated calf thymus DNA have been analysed by studying the electronic and fluoresence spectra of intercalated ethidiumbromide. Triply charged cationic complexes including: [Cr(urea)₆]Cl₃.3H₂O, [Cr(1,10‐phenanthroline)₃](ClO₄)₃.2H₂O, [Cr(2,2'‐bipyridyl)₃] (ClO₄)₃.2H₂O, [Cr(ethylendiamine)₃]Cl₃.3.5H₂O and [Cr(NH₃)₆](NO₃)₃ displaced the dye from DNA. Similar effects were observed in experiments using the non‐intercalating dye bisbenzimidazole ("Hoechst 33258"). However, singly charged cationic, anionic and uncharged chromium(III) complexes such as: cis‐[Cr(1,10‐phenanthroline)₂Cl₂]Cl.2H₂O, cis‐[Cr(2,2'‐bipyridyl)₂Cl₂]Cl.2H₂O, [Cr(glutathione)₂]Na₂, [Cr(cysteine)₂]Na.2H₂O and [Cr(glycine)₃] were unable to displace both ethidiumbromide and bisbenzimidazole from DNA. There was no evidence for the formation of co‐ordinate bonds between chromium(III) and DNA for any of the above complexes. The charge and type of ligand are important in controlling the interaction of chromium(III) with isolated DNA in vitro. Our findings indicate that the outer sphere interaction of a chromium(III) complex with DNA is weak and unlikely to be the mechanism by which chromate causes DNA impairments in vivo and in vitro.     

磷酸盐对水稻土团聚体不同类型重金属镉、铬（Ⅵ）吸附的影响

利用低能量超声波分散、虹吸法沉降分离的方法分离不同粒径的水稻土团聚体颗粒,采用恒温振荡法研究不同浓度磷酸盐预处理的团聚体对Cd2+、Cr(Ⅵ)平衡吸附以及吸附动力学的影响。结果表明,砂粒级、粗粉砂级、粉砂级和粘粒级对P吸附量分别小于50、46、50和97 mg?kg-1,Cd2+吸附量低于未处理土样,P吸附量大于该数值,Cd2+吸附量高于未处理土样,团聚体吸附磷酸盐对Cd2+吸附量的影响,表现为低P吸附量抑制Cd2+的吸附,高P吸附量促进Cd2+的吸附,即随P吸附量增加Cd2+的吸附量呈波谷形变化;而团聚体吸附磷酸盐后对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附则表现明显的抑制作用。磷酸盐预处理的团聚体对Cd2+、Cr(Ⅵ)吸附量大小顺序均为粘粒级>砂粒级>粗粉砂级>粉砂级,与有机质和游离氧化铁的含量顺序一致。团聚体对Cd2+的吸附过程分为快、慢两个阶段,快吸附阶段用一级动力学方程拟合最佳,而慢吸附时段用扩散方程和Elovich方程拟合最佳,表明吸附过程由不同的吸附因素控制。团聚体吸附磷酸盐后对Cd2+的吸附动力学常数增大。团聚体对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程无明显快、慢阶段,对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附的整个过程用双常数速率方程和Elovich方程进行描述最佳,团聚体吸附磷酸盐后对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附动力学常数减小。磷酸盐对土壤中重金属吸附的影响与金属离子类型以及磷吸附量有关,所以采用磷肥等含磷物质修复重金属污染土壤要注意金属离子的类型和磷肥的施用量。     

Removal of cadmium(II), lead(II), and chromium(VI) ions from aqueous solution using clay

Removal of cadmium(II), lead(II), and chromium(VI) from aqueous solution using clay, a naturally occurring low-cost adsorbent, under various conditions, such as contact time, initial concentration, temperature, and pH has been investigated. The sorption of these metals follows both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The magnitude of Langmuir and Freundlich constants at 30°C for cadmium, lead, and chromium indicate good adsorption capacity. The kinetic rate constants (K _ad) indicate that the adsorption follows first order. The thermodynamic parameters: free energy change (ΔG ^o), enthalpy change (ΔH ^o), and entropy change (ΔS ^o) show that adsorption is an endothermic process and that adsorption is favored at high temperature. The results reveal that clay is a good adsorbent for the removal of these metals from wastewater.     

Pomegranate husk as an adsorbent in the removal of toxic chromium from wastewater

The use of a new sorbent developed from the husk of pomegranate, a famous fruit in Egypt, for the removal of toxic chromium from aqueous solution has been investigated. The batch experiment was conducted to determine the adsorption capacity of the pomegranate husk. The effects of initial metal concentration (25 and 50 mg l^?1), pH, contact time, and sorbent concentration (2–6 g l^?1) have been studied at room temperature. A strong dependence of the adsorption capacity on pH was observed, the capacity increased as the pH decreased, and the optimum pH value was pH 1.0. Adsorption equilibrium and kinetics were studied with different sorbent and metal concentrations. The adsorption process was fast, and equilibrium was reached within 3 h. The maximum removal was 100% for 25 mg l^?1 of Cr⁶⁺ concentration on 5 g l^?1 pomegranate husk concentration, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 10.59 mg g^?1. The kinetic data were analysed using various kinetic models—pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and intraparticle diffusion equations—and the equilibrium data were tested using several isotherm models, Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin, Dubinin–Radushkevich, and Generalized isotherm equations. The Elovich and pseudo-second-order equations provided the greatest accuracy for the kinetic data, while Langmuir and Generalized isotherm models were the closest fit for the equilibrium data. The activation energy of sorption has also been evaluated as 0.236 and 0.707 kJ mol^?1 for 25 and 50 mg l^?1 chromium concentration, respectively.     

纳米Fe0对Cr（VI）的还原及其影响因素

采用纳米Fe0还原水溶液中的Cr（Ⅵ）,考察纳米Fe0投加量、Cr（Ⅵ）初始浓度、溶液pH值和有机酸等因素对cr（Ⅵ）还原的影响。结果表明,纳米Fe。对Cr（Ⅵ）的还原效果明显,其对Cr（Ⅵ）的还原率分别是铁粉和铁屑的7和13倍。Cr（Ⅵ）溶液初始质量浓度为20mg·L-1、Fe。投加量为5g·L“条件下,反应24h时纳米Fe0对Cr（Ⅵ）的还原率达82．7％。溶液低pH值可以促进Fe。的腐蚀速度,提高反应速率,当pH值为3．0时还原效果最好。草酸、丙二酸和丁二酸对纳米Fe。还原Cr（Ⅵ）均有明显的促进作用,3种有机酸对Cr（Ⅵ）还原率的提高幅度由高到低依次为草酸、丙二酸和丁二酸。     

大块液膜法处理模拟含Cr(Ⅵ)废水

以三辛胺为载体,煤油为膜溶剂,NaOH为反萃剂,采用大块液膜法处理模拟含Cr(Ⅵ)废水.考察了Cr(Ⅵ)迁移的影响因素,实验结果表明:在料液相进水Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度为1043.6 mg/L、料液相进水pH为1.1、反萃相中NaOH质量分数为20％、液膜相体积为100 mL、液膜相中三辛胺体积分数为15％、反应时间为50 min的条件下,料液相出水Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度为0.5 mg/L;萃取36批废水后Cr(Ⅵ)浓缩比可达94.2％.     

Enhanced electrokinetic remediation of chromium-contaminated soil using approaching anodes

As a new technology used for the cleaning of chromium-contaminated soil, worldwide interest in eletrokinetic (EK) remediation has grown considerably in recent times. However, owing to the fact that chromium exists as both cationic and anionic species in the soil, it is not an efficient method. This paper reports upon a study in which a process using approaching anodes (AAs) was used to enhance the removal efficiency of chromium by eletrokinetics. Two bench-scale experiments to remove chromium from contaminated soil were performed, one using a fixed anode (FA) and the other using AAs. In the AAs experiment, the anode moved toward the cathode by 7 cm every three days. After remediation, soil pH, total chromium, and fractionation of chromium in the soil were determined. The average removal efficiency of total chromium was 11.32% and 18.96% in the FA and AAs experiments, respectively. After remediation, acidic soil conditions throughout the soil were generated through the use of AAs, while 80% of the soil remained neutral or alkalic when using the FA approach. The acidic soil environment and high field intensity in the AAs experiment might have favored chromium desorption, dissolution and dissociation from the soil, plus the mobility of chromium in the soil was also enhanced. The results demonstrate that AAs used in the process of EK remediation can enhance the efficiency of chromium removal from soil.     

Biosorption of hexavalent chromium and malachite green from aqueous effluents,using Cladophora sp.

Biosorption potential of green macroalgae Cladophora sp., (GAC) for the removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and malachite green (MG) from aqueous medium was investigated. Optimal conditions for biosorption experiments were determined as a function of initial pH, GAC dosage, temperature and initial concentration of Cr(VI) and MG. The biosorption equilibrium data were fitted with the isotherm models of Langmuir, Freundlich, Kiselev, Frumkin and Jovanovic, while the experimental data were analysed using the kinetic models such as pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Ritchie's and intraparticle diffusion. The Langmuir maximum biosorption capacity was calculated as 100.00?mg/g (Cr(VI)) and 142.85?mg/g (MG). The biosorption kinetic data showed better agreement with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The thermodynamic parameters indicated spontaneous and endothermic nature of the biosorption process for Cr(VI) removal, whereas exothermic in the case of MG removal. Furthermore, the biosorption efficiencies of the GAC reusability were found significant up to five cycles and tested using 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0?M HCl, respectively. The results of the present study indicated that GAC is a suitable biosorbent for the sequestration of Cr(VI) and MG from aqueous solutions.     

铬污染对土壤细菌群落结构及其构建机制的影响

随着工业的快速发展铬（Cr）已经成为我国主要的土壤重金属污染物之一,严重地影响了土壤生态环境以及居民的身体健康.本研究以河北省某制革工厂污泥堆周边污染土壤为研究对象,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对不同污染程度土壤样品中的细菌群落结构及其群落构建机制进行分析.结果表明,铬污染显著地影响了土壤理化性质以及微生物群落.不同铬污染程度的土壤样品中,细菌群落结构与组成差异显著.高浓度的铬污染能降低土壤细菌群落的α多样性.铬污染土壤样品中的细菌共分为55个门,其中变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）为优势菌门（相对丰度>5%）.铬污染土壤中,细菌群落在构建过程中以决定性过程为主,随机性比例随着铬含量的升高而降低,并且均为同质性选择过程.土壤中总铬含量、含水率、pH、有机质与细菌群落显著（P<0.05）相关,是影响细菌群落结构的主要驱动因子.     

硫化铁铜双金属复合材料的制备及除铬机制

以零价铁为原料,利用液相置换法制备铁铜双金属（Fe-Cu）,对其硫化改性后,得到一种除铬效率更高的硫化铁铜双金属铁基复合材料（S-Fe-Cu）.探讨了Cu/Fe质量比、S/Fe摩尔比、pH值和氯离子对S-Fe-Cu去除水体中Cr（Ⅵ）效果的影响.采用扫描电子显微镜与能谱分析仪（SEM-EDX）、比表面积分析仪（BET）和X射线电子能谱（XPS）等表征手段分析了S-Fe-Cu的表面结构及元素组成,并研究了其除铬机制.结果表明,S-Fe-Cu表面成功负载上了FeS_x,理论最佳S/Fe摩尔比为0.056,理论最佳Cu/Fe质量比为0.025.与Fe-Cu相比,S-Fe-Cu的比表面积增大了2.1倍,pH为5时除铬效率提高了6.1倍;pH值增大,S-Fe-Cu除铬效果下降,但其碱性条件下的除铬效果仍是Fe-Cu的两倍.氯离子能够促进材料在反应过程中Fe（Ⅱ）的释放,分析认为氯离子能够渗透表面钝化层,使钝化层产生缺陷,从而促进零价铁的直接氧化,提高S-Fe-Cu除铬性能.XPS与EDX表面元素分析表明,材料除铬机制主要包含还原、吸附或共沉淀.