全氟二甲基环丁烷示踪剂吸附采样

借助气相色谱基本原理,测定了全氟二甲基环丁烷大气示踪剂通过Carboxen-569碳分子筛吸附管的分配系数,考察了温度和采样速度对穿透体积和安全采样体积的影响,确定了示踪剂吸附采样的基本参数吸附剂用量为150mg,吸附采样温度≤40℃,采样速度为200mL/min,样品解吸温度为200℃.     

Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) probe for effectively sampling of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in waters and sediments

The passive sampling technique, diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) has attracted increasing interests as an in-situ sampler for organic contaminants including per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). However, its effectiveness has been questioned because of the small effective sampling area (3.1 cm²). In this study, we developed a DGT probe for rapid sampling of eight PFAS in waters and applied it to a water-sediment system. It has a much larger sampling area (27 cm²) and as a result lower method quantification limits (0.15 – 0.21 ng/L for one-day deployment and 0.02 – 0.03 ng/L for one-week deployment) and much higher (by > 10 factors) sampling rate (100 mL/day) compared to the standard DGT (piston configuration). The sampler could linearly accumulate PFAS from wastewater, was sensitive enough even for a 24 hr deployment with performance comparable to grab sampling (500 mL). The DGT probe provided homogeneous sampling performance along the large exposure area. The use of the probe to investigate distributions of dissolved PFAS around the sediment-water interface was demonstrated. This work, for the first time, demonstrated that the DGT probe is a promising monitoring tool for trace levels of PFAS and a research tool for studying their distribution, migration, and fate in aquatic environments including the sediment-water interface.     

Evaluation of offline sampling for atmospheric C3-C11 non-methane hydrocarbons

The concentration variation of C3-C11 non-methane hydrocarbons(NMHCs) collected in several types of commercial flexible bags and adsorption tubes was systematically investigated using a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector(GC-FID) system. The percentage loss of each NMHC in the polyvinyl fluoride(PVF) bags was less than 5% during a 7-hr storage period; significant NMHCs loss was detected in aluminum foil composite film and fluorinated ethylene propylene bags. The thermal desorption effic...     

不同取样尺度和数量下针阔混交林土壤呼吸的空间异质性

区域土壤呼吸通量估算大多用样地尺度的测定结果进行外推,因此对样地尺度土壤呼吸(Rs)及其影响因子的空间关系和取样尺度、取样数量对测定结果的准确性进行评价非常重要.以山西省庞泉沟自然保护区针阔混交林作为研究样地,运用传统统计分析与地统计分析相结合的方法,分析了4、2、1 m取样尺度下土壤水分(Ws)、土壤温度(T10)、凋落物量(Lw)、凋落物含水量(Lm)、土壤全碳(C)、全氮(N)和全碳/全氮(C/N)对土壤呼吸速率(Rs)空间变异的影响.结果表明3个取样间隔下,Rs的均值没有显著差异,但其变异程度随着取样尺度的增大而增加,变异系数在16%~22%之间.在4 m取样间隔下,Rs与Ws、Lw、C、C/N呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与N呈显著正相关(P0.05);在2 m取样间隔下,Rs与T10呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与其他因子相关不显著;在1 m取样间隔下,Rs与其他影响因子的相关性都不显著.随着取样尺度的减小,Rs的空间自相关性逐渐减弱,由高度自相关变为弱相关,表明随着采样距离的减小,结构因素对Rs的作用减弱,随机因素的作用逐渐增大.同一置信水平下相同取样数量随着取样尺度的减小,估计误差降低.95%置信水平下,2 m和1 m取样尺度时9个样本产生的Rs误差在±12%左右,而4 m尺度的误差为±16%;90%置信水平下,2 m和1 m取样尺度时9个样本产生的误差在±10%以内,4 m尺度则为±13%.研究结果可以为样地尺度进行Rs季节测定样点的科学布设提供依据.     

Monitoring gas- and particulate-phase short-chain polychlorinated paraffins in the urban air of Dalian by a self-developed passive sampler

The concentration of short-chain polychlorinated paraffins(SCCPs) in the urban air of Dalian,China was monitored from September 2016 to August 2017 with a self-developed passive sampler(PAS1) and an active high-volume sampler, simultaneously. PAS1 successfully collected the entire target SCCPs in the ambient air. Air SCCPs sampled by PAS1 were found be in the linear uptake stage during 181 days of sampling. Passive and active samples showed comparable congener profiles, and the dominant contributors of SCCPs in the two kinds of samples were similar. A significant linear correlation was observed between the total concentration of SCCPs sampled by PAS1 and active sampler in the four seasons. The passive sampling rates of the PAS1 for the gas and particulate phases of SCCPs were measured. The quantitative structure–property relationship of the sampling rate of PAS1(Rair) for gas-phase SCCPs was studied. From the molecular point of view, Rairwas mainly affected by the molecular weight and sub-cooled liquid vapor pressure of SCCPs. In general, SCCPs in the urban air of Dalian mainly existed in gas phase,lower molecular weight SCCPs primarily occurred in the gas phase, whereas higher molecular weight SCCPs were predominately adsorbed or absorbed on airborne particles. The air concentration of SCCPs in the four seasons were different, the correlation of the concentration of SCCPs in the air with the meteorology parameters was conducted. The exposure risk by intake air SCCPs of the residents around the sampling sites was evaluated according to the European risk assessment standards.     

美国污染场地清理的风险评估简介及政策制定

本文主要介绍美国加州污染场地清理的风险评估的概念,方法,计算和风险管理.从而引进挥发性污染物室内入侵风险评估方法来制定污染场地清理标准.讨论如何运用数学模型计算土壤清理浓度和挥发性污染物室内入侵风险评估.在风险评估基础上,加州环保署水质管理局颁布了地下储油罐低风险结案政策.政策中的污染场地清理定量标准是由人体健康风险评估方法计算得出.最后,用一个具体的美国加州洛杉矶案例介绍风险评估方法是怎样运用在污染场地清理修复中,以回答污染场地修复的关键问题"多干净算干净".     

污染场地调查动态追补钻井点位的方法研究

污染场地中的污染区域较小,但污染物的空间变异性大,污染土体较深,因而在场地调查中通常需采集场地钻井数据进行三维模拟.为了准确估计场地土壤污染物的空间分布和需修复的污染土方量,提出了场地污染调查补充采样钻井点位布设的优化方法.在初始采样的基础上,首先利用克里格方法预测场地中土壤污染物的克里格方差,基于克里格方差估算置信度,再结合场地置信度和场地污染物含量的空间分布确定场地的最大不确定性点,并将该点作为下一阶段补充采样点,以实现逼近式动态追补钻井点位的布设.最后,以某硝基苯污染的工业场地为例对该方法进行验证.结果表明:场地中硝基苯的空间变异性大,增加采样点会显著减少基台值,提高研究区总体的置信度,同时减少总体的不确定性.在项目经费约束条件下,不确定性减少65%时,需要至少增加采样点10个.10个样点的增加使得总体估值方差降低了40%,同时总体的估计精度提高了22.4%.案例结果验证了该方法在单一类有机污染场地中的可行性和适用性,能够在保证场地污染调查精度的同时,显著降低样本量,实现场地调查的成本-效益最大化.     

On-road emissions of CO, CO2 and NOX from four wheeler and emission estimates for Delhi

This study presents the emission factor of gaseous pollutants(CO, CO_2, and NO X) from on-road tailpipe measurement of 14 passenger cars of different types of fuel and vintage. The trolley equipped with stainless steel duct, vane probe velocity meter, flue gas analyzer, Nondispersive infra red(NDIR) CO_2 analyzer, temperature, and relative humidity(RH) sensors was connected to the vehicle using a towing system. Lower CO and higher NO X emissions were observed from new diesel cars(post 2010) compared to old cars(post 2005), which implied that new technological advancement in diesel fueled passenger cars to reduce CO emission is a successful venture,however, the use of turbo charger in diesel cars to achieve high temperature combustion might have resulted in increased NO X emissions. Based on the measured emission factors(g/kg), and fuel consumption(kg), the average and 95% confidence interval(CI) bound estimates of CO, CO_2,and NO X from four wheeler(4W) in Delhi for the year 2012 were 15.7(1.4–37.1), 6234(386–12,252),and 30.4(0.0–103) Gg/year, respectively. The contribution of diesel, gasoline and compressed natural gas(CNG) to total CO, CO_2 and NO X emissions were 7:84:9, 50:48:2 and 58:41:1respectively. The present work indicated that the age and the maintenance of vehicle both are important factors in emission assessment therefore, more systematic repetitive measurements covering wide range of vehicles of different age groups, engine capacity, and maintenance level is needed for refining the emission factors with CI.     

微氧水解强化复合型人工湿地中试反应器的性能研究

考察两组微氧水解强化复合型人工湿地(MA-HCW)组合的中试反应器,对城市黑臭水体的净化处理效果。两组反应器分别种植风车草和菖蒲两种植物,运行的水力负荷为0.2 m~3/(m~2·d)。结果表明,种植风车草的人工湿地系统(A系统)的总体净化效果略优于种植菖蒲的人工湿地系统(C系统)。A系统的COD、BOD5、TN、NH_4~+-N、TP、TSS平均去除率分别为69.65%、75.2%、58.33%、38.46%、59.8%、82.1%。研究表明,微氧水解功能段有效降低了进水中TSS的浓度,起到预防湿地系统堵塞的作用。数据分析显示COD、NH _4~+-N和TN的去除率与溶解氧和温度有相关性。     

大气细颗粒物中有机碳和元素碳监测方法对比

在线精确测量大气细颗粒物中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)是研究碳质气溶胶形成和来源解析的重要科学基础.在线测定仪器选取不同的升温程序可能导致OC和EC观测数据差异,造成对研究结果的误判.对比分析在线OC/EC分析仪最常使用的RT-Quartz(R法)、NIOSH 5040(N法)和Fast-TC(F法)这3种温度协议下获得的OC和EC实际观测结果,结合北京空气污染程度,讨论了3种分析程序观测结果的异同.结果表明,3种分析程序对TC(TC=OC+EC)、OC和EC的测量均无显著性差异,但存在一定偏差.对TC的测量,R法比N法低5%,比F法高1%;对OC的测量,R法比N法低9%,比F法高1%;对EC的测量,R法比N法高20%,比F法低11%,其中R法温度协议在不同空气质量下对TC、OC和EC测量的变异系数均小于N法和F法.使用R法的在线分析与小流量PM2.5石英膜采样-离线分析所测定的TC、OC和EC结果的线性拟合斜率分别为1.21、1.14和1.35,R2TC、R2OC和R2EC分别为0.99、0.99和0.98;R法测定的EC浓度显著低于多角度吸收光度计(MAAP)测定的BC浓度.当BC8μg·m-3时,EC/BC为0.39,而当BC8μg·m-3,EC/BC为0.88.EC与BC变化趋势相近,但浓度值存在系统误差.