A review on analytical methods for pharmaceutical and personal care products and their transformation products

Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) and corresponding transformation products have caused widespread concern due to their persistent emissions and potential toxicity. They have wide octanol-water partition coefficients (K_ow) and different ionization constants (pK_a) resulting in a poor analysis accuracy and efficiency. A suitable analytical method is the first prerequisite for further research on their environmental behavior to prioritize the substances. This study reviewed a full-scale analytical protocol for environmental samples in the recent ten years: from sampling to instrumental methods. Passive sampling techniques were compared and recommended for long-term continuous and scientific observation. A quick and effective sample extraction and clean-up method are highly required. Chromatographic methods coupled to mass spectrometry for determining PPCPs with a wide range of logK_ow (?7.53 to 10.80) were summed up. High-resolution mass spectrometry was confirmed to be a promising strategy for screening unknown transformation products, which would provide a nanogram level of detection limits and more accurate mass resolution. Screening strategies and mass change principles were summarized in detail. The recovery rate was important in multiple contaminants analysis identification and factors affecting the recovery rate of PPCPs were also discussed in this review, including sample matrix, target compounds characteristics, extraction method and solid-phase adsorbent. This review provides useful information for the selection of appropriate analytical methods and future development directions.     

大气中痕量持久性有机污染物年均值的测定

采用以XAD-2树脂为吸附介质的大气被动采样器,在四川卧龙自然保护区设置6个采样点,进行了为期2年（2005年-2007年）的环境大气样品采集。用气相色谱-高分辨质谱方法对HCB,HCHs,DDTs和PCBs测定。结果表明,平行样品的重现性良好,平均相对偏差为9％。POPs检测下限的范围为1．0pg／m^3-5．9pg／m^3。2年的年均值数据表现出较好的一致性和规律性。以XAD-2树脂为吸附介质的大气被动采样器能够便利地采集进而测定半年或一年污染物的平均浓度,可以经济、有效地获得大气中痕量POPs的年均值。ρ（α—HCH）／ρ（γ-HCH）从成都到卧龙的上升的趋势反映的是传输过程中HCH的降解;而卧龙地区跨年度数据所反映出的ρ（α—HCH）／ρ（γ-HCH）下降趋势,可以归因于林丹的使用。     

藏东南察隅河上游流域大中型兽类动物资源现状和保护

从2001年8月到2002年8月对藏东南察隅河上游流域内的大中型兽类动物资源现状进行了野外调查,对其捕猎状况进行了社区调查。主要调查了灵长目、食肉目和偶蹄目共21种动物,确认了一物种分布新记录。调查发现,数量最多的是羚牛、鬣羚等偶蹄类动物,种类数量最多的是食肉类动物,但其数量稀少,有的可能已经灭绝。调查发现,捕猎是威胁当地野生大中型动物生存的最直接和最大的因素,另外,它们还受到林区人为活动和栖息地破坏等不利因素的威胁。论文把保护当地野生动物与发展当地经济结合起来考虑,并提出了6点保护建议。     

各种采样装置用于HCs天然源采样的可行性研究

对不锈钢采样罐、小钢瓶、气体采样袋和不锈钢采样管（填充Ｔｅｎａｘ ＧＣ）等４种采样装置进行了碳氢天然源采样的可行性研究,发现,不锈钢采样罐密闭性好,内壁吸附少;不锈钢采样管对天然ＨＣｓ的吸附和解析效率均是或接近１００％,故是ＨＣｓ天然源较为理想的采样装置,小钢瓶和采样袋内壁吸附严重,气袋自身还不断释放一些Ｃ６以上碳氢化合物,不适于ＨＣｓ天然源采样,但采样袋可用于Ｃ５以下烃类的采集和贮存。     

被动采样法测定环境空气中的二氧化氮

用被动采样方法吸收空气中的ＮＯ２，经实验室和野外实验证明，该方法测得的ＮＯ２浓度对渗透管发生的ＮＯ２浓度的相关系数为０．９９９５。用七个相同的采样器在相同时间、相同地点测得的ＮＯ２浓度的相对标准偏差为３．６％。当ＮＯ２浓度为５０μｇ／ｍ＾３左右时，采样周期可长达一个月。该方法可用于大气环境中１０μｇ／ｍ＾３ＮＯ２日平均浓度的测定。     

Sorption kinetics of parent and substituted PAHs for low-density polyethylene (LDPE): Determining their partition coefficients between LDPE and water (KLDPE) for passive sampling

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) has been widely used as a sorbent for passive sampling of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in aquatic environments. However, it has seen only limited application in passive sampling for measurement of freely dissolved concentrations of parent and substituted PAHs (SPAHs), which are known to be toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic. Here, the 16 priority PAHs and some typical PAHs were selected as target compounds and were simultaneously determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometer (GC–MS). Some batch experiments were conducted in the laboratory to explore the adsorption kinetics of the target compounds in LDPE membranes. The results showed that both PAHs and SPAHs could reach equilibrium status within 19–38?days in sorption kinetic experiments. The coefficients of partitioning between LDPE film (50?μm thickness) and water (K_LDPE) for the 16 priority PAHs were in good agreement with previously reported values, and the values of K_LDPE for the 9 SPAHs are reported in this study for the first time. Significant linear relationships were observed, i.e., log K_LDPE?=?0.705?×?log K_OW?+?1.534 for PAHs (R²?=?0.8361, p?<?0.001) and log K_LDPE?=?0.458?×?log K_OW?+?3.092 for SPAHs (R²?=?0.5609, p?=?0.0077). The selected LDPE film was also proven to meet the condition of “zero sink” for the selected target compounds. These results could provide basic support for the configuration and in situ application of passive samplers.     

被动采样监测遂宁市NO2时空分布特征

采用被动扩散采样技术,在遂宁市辖区16km×16km网格区域内开展了为期1a的环境空气NO2监测,分析了不同时空内的NO2浓度变化趋势。研究表明：NO2浓度季节变化规律是：冬季〉春季〉秋季〉夏季;在全市各个区域中,浓度最高值出现在全市工业集中及车流量较大的区域（船山区）;受遂宁市污染源整体布局以及主导风向（西北风）的影响,全辖区范围内NO2呈现西北低、东南高的趋势。     

大气氢氟碳化物采样分析和质量控制方法研究

用自组装采样系统冲洗双口不锈钢采样罐,并采集大气样品至1.36×105 Pa,在实验室利用自组装气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)系统分析样品,对6种主要氢氟碳化物(HFCs)分析精度为0.24%~1.02%.空白实验表明,采样-分析过程未引入污染.通过压力-体积曲线对进样压力变化的影响进行了校正.回收率实验及存储实验表明,6种HFCs回收率范围为99.5%~100.4%,存储112d内HFCs浓度没有显著变化.在北京上甸子区域大气本底站采集80m梯度塔顶大气样品并分析,2个串联采样罐HFCs浓度差值范围为0.04×10-12~0.16×10-12.采样分析与同期该站GC-MS在线观测系统获得的HFCs浓度差值范围为-0.17×10-12~-0.86×10-12.本研究建立的采样-分析-质量控制方法和流程适用于大气中HFCs高精度观测.     

水质自动监测系统维护及管理工作谈

通过对辽河珠尔山家水质自动监测站日常维护工作经验的积累,针对铁岭地区水质长年变化的规律,形成一套水质自动监测系统操作和维护办法,为以后开展水质自动监测工作提供依据。