碳纤维生产工艺含氰废气治理

在聚丙烯腈基碳纤维的生产过程中将产生大量有毒含氰废气，其危害性已引起人们的普遍关注。提出了催化燃烧的治理方案和工艺。实际运行结果表明：该工艺过程操作简便，效果较好，净化后气体达到了国家排放标准。     

生物催化氧化法脱除H2S的填料选择研究

针对H2S污染的严峻形势,构建了包括催化再生装置和生物滴滤器的生物催化氧化装置,进行了装置的填料选择研究.经对比试验得出填料脱硫性能的优劣顺序为:沸石＞焦炭＞多面空心塑料小球.在温度为30 ℃、进气量为0.25 m3/h、进气H2S为2 000 mg/m3、喷淋量为1 000 mL/h、喷淋液的pH为1.97、Fe3 为0.05 mol/L的条件下,装填沸石的生物催化氧化装置的出气H2S浓度足以达到<恶臭污染物排放标准>(GB 14554-93)规定的一级厂界标准值.试验证明,生物催化氧化法是有效的新型脱除H2S技术,具有良好的经济、社会及环境效益,应进一步开展中试研究.     

Natural attenuation of trichloroethene and its degradation products at a lake-shore site

Subsurface contamination by trichloroethene (TCE) was detected at a Michigan National Priorities List (NPL) site in 1982. The TCE plume resulted from the disposal of spent solvent and other chemicals at an industrial facility located in the eastern shore of Lake Michigan. TCE degradation products of three dichloroethene (DCE) isomers, vinyl chloride (VC) and ethene were present. The plume was depleted of oxygen and methanogenic at certain depths. Transects of the plume were sampled by slotted auger borings the year after the TCE plume was first discovered. Water samples were also taken from lake sediments to a depth of 12 m about 100 m offshore. Later samples were taken along the shoreline of the lake with a hand-driven probe. Later in 1998 water was taken from sediments about 3-m from the shoreline. The average concentration of each chemical and net apparent base coefficient between appropriate pairs of transects between the lower site and lakeshore were calculated. Loss rates were then calculated from an analytical solution of the two-dimensional advective-dispersive-reactive transport equation. Net apparent rate coefficients and a set of coupled reaction rate equations were used to extract the apparent loss coefficients. This study showed the field evidence for natural attenuation of TCE.     

PVC废物及其处理技术

PVC广泛应用于工业和日常生活中 ,PVC废物的产生量将会在将来一段时间内持续增长 ,对PVC废物处理处置问题研究成为固体废物处理处置的一个方向。目前 ,PVC废物还缺乏系统、完善的管理手段和处理技术。本文在分析PVC废物特点其环境潜在危害特性的基础上 ,比较分析各种PVC废物处理技术的优势和存在的问题 ,及国内外在PVC废物处理处置方面的具体实践 ,以期探讨PVC废物的处理对策并提出今后PVC废物处理的发展趋势和研究方向     

Release kinetics of vanadium from vanadium titano-magnetite: The effects of pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature andforeign ions

As part of a broader study of the environmental geochemistry behavior of vanadium(V), the release kinetics of V from the dissolution of natural vanadium titano-magnetite under environmentally relevant conditions was investigated. In both the acidic and basic domains, the V release rate was found to be proportional to fractional powers of hydrogen ion and dissolved oxygen activities. The dependence of the rate on dissolved oxygen can also be described in terms of the Langmuir adsorption model. The empirical rate equation is given by: r= k′α(H~+)~α(Kα(O_2))/(1+Kα(O_2)) where, α = 0.099–0.265, k′ = 3.2 × 10~(-6)–1.7 × 10~(-5), K =2.7 × 10~4–3.9 × 10~4 mol/L in acid solution(pH 4.1), and α =-0.494-(-0.527), k′ = 2.0 × 10~4–2.5 × 10~(-11), and K = 4.1 × 10~3–6.5 × 10~3 mol/L in basic solution(pH 8.8) at 20°C. Based on the effect of temperature on the release rate of V, the activation energies of minerals at p H 8.8 were determined to be 148–235 k J/mol, suggesting that the dissolution of vanadium titano-magnetite is a surface-controlled process. The presence of Na~+, Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+), K~+, NO_3~-, Cl~-, SO_4~(2-)and CO_3~(2-)was found to accelerate the V release rates. This study improves the understanding of both the V pollution risk in some mine areas and the fate of V in the environment.     

氯化铵盐粒导致的铜初期大气腐蚀行为研究

目的研究在氯化铵存在条件下,铜的大气腐蚀行为。方法采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、滴定法和电化学等方法来确定铜的大气腐蚀过程和腐蚀产物。结果随着暴露时间的延长,铜的腐蚀质量损失变大,平均腐蚀速率变小。在氯化铵存在条件下,铜表面生成了Cu_2O、Cu_2(OH)_3Cl和Cu_2(OH)_2CO_3,其中Cu_2O为主要腐蚀产物,其质量占腐蚀产物总质量的97%以上。结论氯化铵的存在会对铜造成很强的腐蚀,随着暴露时间的延长,铜的腐蚀变得严重,但是暴露后期腐蚀速率将会减缓。     

高氯废水中的化学需氧量测定方法探讨

针对高氯废水化学需氧量的测定方法以及原理作了阐述，最终确定一种最直接、简便、准确的硫酸汞倍数添加法测定CODcr.     

Carbon and hydrogen isotope effects during sorption of organic contaminants on carbonaceous materials

Stable carbon and hydrogen isotopes can be an efficient means to validate biodegradation of organic contaminants in groundwater since it results in an isotopic fractionation. A prerequisite in applying this method in the field is the proof that other processes decreasing the contaminant concentration are conservative with respect to isotope effects. In this paper we show for carbon isotopes of halogenated hydrocarbon compounds [trichloroethene (TCE), cis-dichloroethene (c-DCE), vinylchloride (VC)] and carbon and hydrogen isotopes of BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, p-xylene) that no significant fractionation occurs during equilibrium sorption onto activated carbon, lignite coke and lignite. In general, effects were in the range of the reproducibility limit of the analytical instrument (0.5 per thousand for delta13C, and 8 per thousand for delta2H). This observation was made for fractions sorbed of less than 5% to more than 95%. Also for rate-limited sorption of TCE onto activated carbon, no significant fractionation in carbon isotopes could be observed. These findings support the assumption that for these classes of compounds, sorption processes in aquifer systems are conservative with respect to isotope effects.     

Biological elimination of H2S and NH3 from wastegases by biofilter packed with immobilized heterotrophic bacteria

Biotreatment of various ratios of H₂S and NH₃ gas mixtures was studied using the biofilters, packed with co-immobilized cells (Arthrobacter oxydans CH8 for NH₃ and Pseudomonas putida CH11 for H₂S). Extensive tests to determine removal characteristics, removal efficiency, removal kinetics, and pressure drops of the biofilters were performed. To estimate the largest allowable inlet concentration, a prediction model was also employed. Greater than 95% and 90% removal efficiencies were observed for NH₃ and H₂S, respectively, irrespective of the ratios of H₂S and NH₃ gas mixtures. The results showed that H₂S removal of the biofilter was significantly affected by high inlet concentrations of H₂S and NH₃. As high H₂S concentration was an inhibitory substrate for the growth of heterotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, the activity of H₂S oxidation was thus inhibited. In the case of high NH₃ concentration, the poor H₂S removal efficiency might be attributed to the acidification of the biofilter. The phenomenon was caused by acidic metabolite accumulation of NH₃. Through kinetic analysis, the presence of NH₃ did not hinder the NH₃ removal, but a high H₂S concentration would result in low removal efficiency. Conversely, H₂S of adequate concentrations would favor the removal of incoming NH₃. The results also indicated that maximum inlet concentrations (model-estimated) agreed well with the experimental values for space velocities of 50–150 h⁻¹. Hence, the results would be used as the guideline for the design and operation of biofilters.     

Effects of copper chloride on formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in model waste incineration

Combustion experiments in a laboratory-scale fluidized-bed reactor were conducted to elucidate the effects of copper chloride as a catalyst on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) formation in municipal waste incineration. We used model wastes with and without copper chloride (CuCl₂ · 2H₂O), both of which contained polyvinyl chloride as a chlorine source. Combustion temperature was set to 900 °C, and the amount of air supplied was twice the stoichiometric ratio. The experimental setup was carefully planned to suppress the influences of experimental conditions except the waste composition. Results of these experiments showed that copper chloride in the waste increased the amount of PCDDs formed and made the homologue profile to shift towards the highly chlorinated species. Copper chloride contributes to the PCDDs formation by promoting chlorination, whereby the reaction is important in that organic matter is chlorinated directly by copper compounds. Copper chloride did not exert a great influence on the isomer distribution patterns of PCDDs, while there appeared a significant difference in the case of PCDFs. This points out the difference of the major formation mechanisms between PCDDs and PCDFs. PCDDs are less formed by the catalytic reactions from carbon/polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons than PCDFs in our experimental conditions.