Application of the TNO multi-energy and Baker-Strehlow-Tang methods to predict hydrogen explosion effects from small-scale experiments

Analytical models or abacus are of importance to predict explosion effects in open and congested areas for industrial safety reasons. The goal of this work is to compare overpressure and flame speed values of small-scale deflagration experiments to predicted values from the TNO multi-energy (TNO ME) method and the Baker-Strehlow-Tang (BST) method. Experiments were performed in cylindrical congested volumes of hydrogen – air mixtures varying from 1.77 L to 7.07 L. The reactivity was controlled by the equivalence ratio of hydrogen-air mixtures, ranging from 0.5 to 2.5. The congestion was realized with varying numbers of grid layers and configurations. The influence of the obstacle density and the importance of the mixture reactivity to choose the strength index in order to predict the effects of an explosion has been highlighted for the TNO ME method. Predictive flame speed values from the BST method are in accordance with almost half of the experimental results and the method is conservative in most tested configurations. The use of the TNO ME method has been validated on a small-scale experiment to predict maximal overpressures generated by the deflagration of medium and large-scale H₂/air clouds.     

双氧水爆炸事故机理分析及预防措施研究

为了对双氧水引起的爆炸事故的机理进行分析,用加速量热仪对双氧水进行了热危险性测试.通过对数据校正和分析,得到了浓度为30%的双氧水初始热分解温度为34.5 ℃,热分解可达到的最高温度为246 ℃,最大温升速率时间为100 min.结果表明,双氧水极易发生爆炸,并且爆炸威力很大.针对双氧水的爆炸危险,提出采取适当的预防措施,如冷却水法,以避免爆炸事故的发生.     

Gasification of waste plastics by steam reforming in a fluidized bed

The process of producing synthetic gas from waste plastics by steam reforming was investigated. To evaluate this process, the steam reforming of the oils derived from low-density polyethylene and polystyrene were carried out using a laboratory-scale fluidized bed of Ni-Al₂O₃ catalysts. The performance of gasification in terms of carbon conversion, gas yield, and gas compositions was examined. Although oils derived from plastics contain many kinds of heavy hydrocarbons and aromatics, they were well gasified at temperatures above 1023 K with a steam/carbon ratio of 3.5 and a weight hourly space velocity of 1 h⁻¹. The hydrogen content of the product gas was very high at approximately 72 vol% for polyethylene-derived oil and 68 vol% for polystyrene-derived oil. These compositions agreed well with the values calculated from chemical equilibrium.     

Effect of ignition position on the run-up distance to DDT for hydrogen-air explosions

The method described in this paper enabled reliable and accurate positioning of an overdriven detonation by calculation of shock wave velocities (detonation and retonation) for hydrogen explosions in a closed 18 m long horizontal DN150 pipe. This enabled an empirical correlation between the ignition position and the run-up distance to DDT to be determined. It was shown that the initial ability of the flame to expand unobstructed and the piston-like effect of burnt gas expanding against the closed end of the tube contributed to initial flame acceleration and hence were able to affect the run-up distance to overdriven detonation. Flame speeds and rates of initial pressure rise were also used to explain how these two competing effects were able to produce a minimum in the run-up distance to DDT. The shortest run-up distance to DDT, relative to the ignition position, for this pipe and gas configuration was found when the ignition position was placed 5.6 pipe diameters (or 0.9 m) from the closed pipe end. The shortest run-up distance to DDT relative to the end of the pipe was recorded when the ignition source was placed 4.4 pipe diameters or 0.7 m from the pipe end.     

Nanoparticles in mitigating gaseous emissions from liquid dairy manure stored under anaerobic condition

A number of mitigation techniques exist to reduce the emissions of pollutant gases and greenhouse gases(GHGs) from anaerobic storage of livestock manure. Nanoparticle(NP)application is a promising mitigating treatment option for pollutant gases, but limited research is available on the mode of NP application and their effectiveness in gaseous emission reduction. In this study, zinc silica nanogel(ZnSNL), copper silica nanogel(CuSNL), and N-acetyl cysteine(NACL) coated zinc oxide quantum dot(Qdot) NPs were compared to a control lacking NPs. All three NPs tested significantly reduced gas production and concentrations compared to non-treated manure. Overall, cumulative gas volumes were reduced by 92.73%–95.83%, and concentrations reduced by 48.98%–99.75% for H_2S, and 20.24%–99.82% for GHGs. Thus, application of NPs is a potential treatment option for mitigating pollutant and GHG emissions from anaerobically stored manure.     

Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide on Industrial Waste Water Effluents: A Case Study of Warri Refining and Petrochemical Industry

This paper assessed the composition of waste water effluent generated by a Petrochemical industry and a treatment system developed to improve the quality of the discharge water. Parameters as pH, COD, TSS chloride and lead ions were analysed and treated comparatively using hydrogen peroxide. At pH 8.0 post treatment analysis showed a COD – 96 mg/l TSS – 48 mg/l Cl – 798.75 mg/l and Pb²⁺ – 2 mg/l for treatment D where 40 g/l of alum was used on 30% solution of H₂O₂ compared to systems A-C. Process treatment included activated clay with sodium ion resin which at pH 6.8 had COD – 52 mg/l, TSS – 10 mg/l, Cl – 510 mg/l and Pb²⁺ – 0.070 mg/l. This system has an overall efficiency of 79.0% TSS, 45.83% COD, 97.5% Pb²⁺ and 36.1% Cl reduction. Characteristics obtained for the study has a higher efficiency compared with FEPA and WHO standard for similar industrial water treatment.     

Assessment and optimisation of VOC mass transfer enhancement by advanced oxidation process in a compact wet scrubber

Dimethyl disulphide (DMDS) removal was investigated in a compact scrubber (hydraulic residence time ≈20 ms), composed of a wire mesh packing structure where liquid and gas flow at co-current and high gas superficial velocity (>12 m s⁻¹). In order to regenerate the scrubbing liquid and to maintain a driving force in the scrubber, ozone and hydrogen peroxide were added to water since they allow the generation of nonselective and highly reactive species, hydroxyl radicals HO. Three ways of reagent distribution were tested. The influence of several parameters (liquid flow rate(s), ozone flow rate, pH and reagent concentrations) was investigated. The best configuration was obtained when ozone is transferred in the scrubbing liquid before introduction at the top of the scrubber simultaneously with the hydrogen peroxide solution, allowing to generate hydroxyl radical in the scrubber. With this configuration, DMDS removal could be increased from 16% with water to 34% at the same gas and liquid flow rates in the scrubber showing the potentiality of advanced oxidation process.     

环境空气有组织排放H_2S和CS_2污染源的排查

采用调查和多种检测方法对有组织排放的空气恶臭的物质进行定性分析和定量监测,以证实和确认污染源。在走访受害居民和工业污染源调查的基础上,使用三点比较式嗅袋法、分光光度法、主动式吸附管热解析/GC/MS和不锈钢采样罐/GC/MS法检测空气恶臭的物质的种类和含量,并且通过自动监测仪器长期定点观测污染发生时和消除污染源后空气恶臭的物质含量的变化。结果表明,导致空气恶臭的物质为H2S和CS2,其中CS2为污染源的特征物质,相同时间和地点空气中H2S和CS2的质量浓度相关系数为0.84;污染源下风向空气中H2S含量高,年平均值为0.084mg/m3;不在下风向的空气H2S含量低;清除污染源后其下风向空气中H2S年平均值为0.008 mg/m3,空气不再恶臭。该排查方法为监控有组织排放恶臭的污染源提供了经验和实例。     

一起双氧水储罐爆炸事故的原因调查

错将水玻璃加到双氧水中,致使双氧水储罐爆炸,炸飞的罐体挂断供电线路,全厂断电停产23 h,经济损失100多万元,无人员伤亡.     

过氧化氢氧化-全自动石墨消解仪消解-阳极溶出伏安法测定海水中总铬

采用全自动石墨消解仪加热、在碱性条件下用过氧化氢氧化海水中的三价铬,优化了极谱法测定条件,方法检出限为0.20μg/L,加标回收率为82.8%~105%,相对标准偏差5%,且对有证标准样品测试的结果符合准确度要求。方法具有选择性好、灵敏度高、准确等特点,适用于海水中总铬的测定。