酸性洗涤塔-生物滤塔-生物曝气池组合工艺处理恶臭气体NH3和H2S

采用酸性洗涤塔、生物滤塔和生物曝气池的组合工艺处理NH3、H2S恶臭混合气体,研究表明,该组合工艺对NH3和H2S有很好的去除效果,在进气流量为35 L/min,喷淋量45 L/h时,NH3进气浓度50.15~525.4 mg/m3,H2S进气浓度10.23~110.36 mg/m3时,NH3单一进气去除率稳定在99%以上,H2S单一进气去除率90%以上。混合进气后,NH3去除率几乎为100%,H2S的去除率提高至98%以上。在一定的浓度范围内,NH3和H2S之间的相互作用对两者的去除效果没有明显的影响,而且起到了相互促进降解的作用。同时,进气流量和填料层高度都会影响NH3、H2S的去除率。系统对进气容积负荷变化的缓冲能力强,在偶尔超负荷条件下运行并不能使系统崩溃,并且微生物对高负荷逐渐表现出适应性。大部分溶于水的氨由生物曝气池去除,去除率达到96.9%。     

钠盐量影响下DD6单晶高温合金的高温热腐蚀规律研究

目的 开展镍基单晶高温合金DD6在950 ℃下的热盐腐蚀试验(95%Na2SO4+5%NaCl),探明涂盐量和涂盐方式(周期涂盐和单次涂盐)对DD6高温热腐蚀的影响规律和机理。方法 结合扫描电子显微镜、X射线能量色散谱、X射线衍射等设备,对不同涂盐量及涂盐方式下DD6的表面及横截面形貌进行观察分析,分析不同涂盐量和涂盐方式下DD6的高温热腐蚀机理。结果 DD6在950 ℃下主要发生碱性熔融热腐蚀,同时伴随氧化、硫化和氯化等过程。高温热腐蚀使得DD6合金表面生成的保护性氧化膜被熔融态的腐蚀介质破坏,导致O、S、Cl等外部元素通过氧化膜的缺陷进入DD6基体中,在合金的亚表面发生内氧化、内硫化以及内氯化反应,横截面上出现明显的腐蚀层,其主要由氧化物以及硫化物组成。随着热腐蚀的进行,DD6表面物质发生了剥蚀,沉积盐量的增加导致剥蚀现象越加严重,合金内部致密的组织结构也被破坏,横截面上出现了大量孔洞、裂纹等缺陷。在相同涂盐量下,周期涂盐法使得DD6的腐蚀程度高于单次涂盐法。结论 DD6高温热腐蚀行为与涂盐量及涂盐方式密切相关,相同涂盐方式下,涂盐量越大,DD6热腐蚀更加严重。涂盐量一定时,周期涂盐法使得DD6的热腐蚀剧烈程度大于单次涂盐法,且DD6在上述热腐蚀条件下均发生剥蚀破坏。     

Flux of dimethylsulfide in the Jiaozhou Bay,China

Seasonal measurements of dimethylsulfide(DMS)in surface waters were carried out during 1993-1994 in the Jiaozhou Bay.A seasonal variation is observed for DMS concentrations in seawater,ranging from 0.6 to 8.97 nmol S/L with the highest values in spring.A factor of 4 was measured for DMS concentrations with mean concentrations of 5.85 nmol S/L or 6.58 nmol S/L in spring and 1.40nmol S/L in winter.A sea-to-air flux of DMS also showed a seasonal variation     

Distribution normality of pH and H<Superscript>+</Superscript> activity in soil

Soil pH, a log-transformed form of hydrogen ion (H⁺) activity, is often used for various statistics. However whether soil pH meets the requirement of distribution normality for statistical analyses is unknown. We studied the statistical suitability of both soil pH and H⁺ activity by examining their distribution normalities. Results show that the variability of H⁺ activity is higher and its distribution is skewer, which is significantly different from the normal and soil pH, regardless of soil conditions and analytical methods. Here we demonstrate that soil pH is more appropriate than the H⁺ activity for performing statistical analysis in terms of distribution normality.     

Catalytic reduction of vat and sulfur dyes with hydrogen

Vat and sulfur dyes must be reduced to their leuco forms before application. Since this process is currently carried out using irreversible reducing chemicals, it involves high economic and environmental costs. Here we show that reduction can alternatively be performed in an alkaline bath at room temperature by using H₂ activated by a Pd catalyst. Sulfur dyes are thus directly reduced, whereas vat dyes require an electron transfer mediator. This alternative reaction can also be driven using H₂ at sub-atmospheric pressures. It further avoids all drawbacks raised by electrolytic reductions, so far suggested as alternative green processes.     

氧化环境中FeS修复重金属的稳定性变化与机制

硫化亚铁(FeS)是良好的重金属修复剂,但它对氧化环境敏感.当环境氧气浓度升高时,FeS对重金属的固定效果可能发生改变.本研究考察了氧化环境中FeS与重铬酸根、铅和镉离子的反应规律和结合机制变化.结果表明,环境氧气浓度升高可促进Fe~(2+)的释放,且增加FeS表面S(-II)氧化态的比例(与Pb~(2+)反应:从24%增加到44%,与Cd~(2+)反应:从60%增加到78%).延长反应时间至30 d,虽然PbS和CdS结晶度提高,但两者表面出现Pb—O和Cd—O氧化形态,预示着重金属再释放的风险.有氧干燥条件下FeS表面矿物相转变为纤铁矿,对Cr(VI)的还原能力大幅下降.与未干燥FeS(FeS-Cr-3h)相比,当有氧干燥的FeS与Cr(VI)反应时,总铬的去除量下降约96%(由约100 mg·g~(-1)降至(3.74±1.12) mg·g~(-1)),Cr(VI)去除量下降约57%(由约100 mg·g~(-1)降至(43.28±0.46) mg·g~(-1)).FeS及重金属硫化物的氧化显然不利于重金属的长期稳定.如何延缓或抑制FeS与重金属硫化物的氧化因此成为未来研究需回答的问题.     

Effect of ignition position on vented hydrogen–air deflagration in a 1 m3 vessel

This study investigates the effect of the ignition position on vented hydrogen-air deflagration in a 1 m³ vessel and evaluates the performance of the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code FLACS in simulating the vented explosion of hydrogen-air mixtures. First, the differences in the measured pressure-time histories for various ignition locations are presented, and the mechanisms responsible for the generation of different pressure peaks are explained, along with the flame behavior. Secondly, the CFD software FLACS is assessed against the experimental data. The characteristic phenomena of vented explosion are observed for hydrogen-air mixtures ignited at different ignition positions, such as Helmholtz oscillation for front ignition, the interaction between external explosion and combustion inside the vessel for central ignition, and the wall effect for back-wall ignition. Flame-acoustic interaction are observed in all cases, particularly in those of front ignition and very lean hydrogen-air mixtures. The predicted flame behavior agree well with the experimental data in general while the simulated maximum overpressures are larger than the experimental values by a factor of 1.5–2, which is conservative then would lead to a safe design of explosion panels for instance. Not only the flame development during the deflagration was well-simulated for the different ignition locations, but also the correspondence between the pressure transients and flame behavior was also accurately calculated. The comparison of the predicted results with the experimental data shows the performance of FLACS to model vented mixtures of hydrogen with air ignited in a lab scale vessel. However, the experimental scale is often smaller than that used in practical scenarios, such as hydrogen refueling installations. Thus, future large-scale experiments are necessary to assess the performance of FLACS in practical use.     

生物滤池与固定——悬浮填料复合式生物膜反应器脱臭

为了探讨生物法处理含H₂S恶臭气体的效率及酸积累问题,利用两种生物反应器进行了处理H₂S的试验研究．结果表明,生物滤池脱臭效率高,但液相H₂SO₄积累明显,pH值低．复合式生物膜反应器装有固定一悬浮填料,集生物过滤和生物吸收为一体,当容积负荷N_v≤190gH₂S/m³·d时,具有很高的去除能力,液相pH≥6．     

间接原子吸收法测定水中硫化物

通过将水样酸化后转化成硫化氢,用氮气带出,被含有定量且过量的铜离子吸收液吸收。分离沉淀后,通过测定上清液中剩余的铜离子,对硫进行间接定量。方法检出限为0.2 mg·L^-1,对实际水样进行分析,加标回收率在90%～95%之间,结果令人满意。     

Hydrogen and transportation: alternative scenarios

If hydrogen (H₂) is to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and oil use, it needs to displace conventional transport fuels and be produced in ways that do not generate significant greenhouse gas emissions. This paper analyses alternative ways H₂ can be produced, transported and used to achieve these goals. Several H₂ scenarios are developed and compared to each other. In addition, other technology options to achieve these goals are analyzed. A full fuel cycle analysis is used to compare the energy use and carbon (C) emissions of different fuel and vehicle strategies. Fuel and vehicle costs are presented as well as cost-effectiveness estimates. Lowest hydrogen fuel costs are achieved using fossil fuels with carbon capture and storage. The fuel supply cost for a H₂ fuel cell car would be close to those for an advanced gasoline car, once a large-scale supply system has been established. Biomass, wind, nuclear and solar sources are estimated to be considerably more expensive. However fuel cells cost much more than combustion engines. When vehicle costs are considered, climate policy incentives are probably insufficient to achieve a switch to H₂. The carbon dioxide (CO₂) mitigation cost would amount to several hundred US$ per ton of CO₂. Energy security goals and the eventual need to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations could be sufficient. Nonetheless, substantial development of related technologies, such as C capture and storage will be needed. Significant H₂ use will also require substantial market intervention during a transition period when there are too few vehicles to motivate widely available H₂ refueling.