基于Arcgis Engine下毒气扩散后事故伤害程度等值线的生成与应用

井喷有毒气体扩散对周围居民的危害很大,造成人员伤亡并给生态环境带来严重的后果。本文详细讨论了基于Arcgis Engine毒气扩散后事故伤害程度等值线的绘制以及在应急救援方面的应用。通过毒气扩散浓度空间分布动态链接程序计算出毒气扩散后浓度分布离散点,再利用Arcgis Engine二次开发接口将离散点转变成可视化程度较高的事故伤害程度等值线。此模拟过程不仅为应急救援以及重大危险源的管理提供了依据,同时可以为井场地区的安全情况作出判断,能够对周边人员疏散策略及安全区域规划的制定提供帮助。     

Application of the TNO multi-energy and Baker-Strehlow-Tang methods to predict hydrogen explosion effects from small-scale experiments

Analytical models or abacus are of importance to predict explosion effects in open and congested areas for industrial safety reasons. The goal of this work is to compare overpressure and flame speed values of small-scale deflagration experiments to predicted values from the TNO multi-energy (TNO ME) method and the Baker-Strehlow-Tang (BST) method. Experiments were performed in cylindrical congested volumes of hydrogen – air mixtures varying from 1.77 L to 7.07 L. The reactivity was controlled by the equivalence ratio of hydrogen-air mixtures, ranging from 0.5 to 2.5. The congestion was realized with varying numbers of grid layers and configurations. The influence of the obstacle density and the importance of the mixture reactivity to choose the strength index in order to predict the effects of an explosion has been highlighted for the TNO ME method. Predictive flame speed values from the BST method are in accordance with almost half of the experimental results and the method is conservative in most tested configurations. The use of the TNO ME method has been validated on a small-scale experiment to predict maximal overpressures generated by the deflagration of medium and large-scale H₂/air clouds.     

Medium-scale experiments on vented hydrogen deflagration

A series of medium-scale experiments on vented hydrogen deflagration was carried out at the KIT test side in a chamber of 1 × 1 × 1 m³ size with different vent areas. The experimental program was divided in three series: (1) uniform hydrogen–air mixtures; (2) stratified hydrogen–air mixtures within the enclosure; (3) a layer deflagration of uniform mixture. Different uniform hydrogen–air mixtures from 7 to 18% hydrogen were tested with variable vent areas 0.01–1.0 m². One test was done for rich mixture with 50% H₂. To vary a gradient of concentration, all the experiments with a stratified hydrogen–air mixtures had about 4%H₂ at the bottom and 10 to 25% H₂ at the top of the enclosure. Measurement system consisted of a set of pressure sensors and thermocouples inside and outside the enclosure. Four cameras combined with a schlieren system (BOS) for visual observation of combustion process through transparent sidewalls were used. Four experiments were selected as benchmark experiments to compare them with four times larger scale FM Global tests (Bauwens et al., 2011) and to provide experimental data for further CFD modelling. The nature of external explosion leading to the multiple pressure peak structure was investigated in details. Current work addresses knowledge gaps regarding indoor hydrogen accumulations and vented deflagrations. The experiments carried out within this work attend to contribute the data for improved criteria for hydrogen–air mixture and enclosure parameters to avoid unacceptable explosion overpressure. Based on theoretical analysis and current experimental data a further vent sizing technology for hydrogen deflagrations in confined spaces should be developed, taking into account the peculiarities of hydrogen–air mixture deflagrations in presence of obstacles, concentration gradients of hydrogen–air mixtures, dimensions of a layer of flammable cloud, vent inertia, etc.     

Gas leakage consequence modeling for buried gas pipelines

One of conservation transfer methods for such widely-used gases as natural gas and hydrogen is buried pipelines. Safety of these pipelines is of great importance due to potential risks posed by inefficiencies of the pipelines. Therefore, an accurate understanding of release and movement characteristics of the leaked gas, i.e. distribution and speed within soil, the release to the ground surface, the movement of hydrogen gas through the ground, gas underground diffusion, gas dispersion in atmosphere, and following consequences, are very important in order to determine underground dispersion risks. In the present study, consequences of gas leakage within soil were evaluated in two sub-models, i.e. near-field and far-field, and a comprehensive model was proposed in order to ensure safety of buried gas supply pipelines. Near-field model which is related to soil and ground and its output is the gas released at different points and times from ground surface and it was adopted as input of far-field sub-model which is dispersion model in atmosphere or an open space under the surface. Validation of near-field sub-model was performed by the experimental data obtained by Okamoto et al. (2014) on full-scale hydrogen leakage and then, possible scenarios for far-field sub-model were determined.     

硫化亚铁氧化反应的研究

为了掌握自燃性低的FeS的氧化自燃过程,为预防FeS自燃事故的发生提供理论基础,对不同纯度化学试剂FeS,利用定温、程序升温试验方法,结合XRD、TG-DTA、TG-DSC及化学分析的结果,研究其氧化反应历程.结果表明,不同纯度FeS氧化时,试样都经历了先失重后增重再失重的变化过程.首先失重的是试样中易挥发的杂质,250～300℃时试样质量开始增加,意味着FeS氧化反应的开始.在325～400℃范围内FeS氧化反应复杂,涉及化学反应多,试样质量随试验时间延长而增加,直至恒重,增重的主要物质经XRD表征和化学分析为FeSO4.试验温度达到480℃时,试样质量先增加后减小,增重的主要物质为Fe2(SO4)3,该温度下Fe2(SO4)3分解速率慢.在550～650℃内,Fe2(SO4)3热分解或FeS的完全氧化反应引起试样质量迅速减小.试验温度高于660℃时FeS发生完全氧化反应,最终产物为Fe2O3.具有不同氧化反应活性的FeS,其氧化反应历程也不同.     

Effect of operating parameters on sulfide biotransformation to sulfur

A laboratory-scale bioreactor with polyethylene semi-soft packing was constructed and utilized to determine the efficlency of sulfide biotransformation to sulfur under various operating parameters. Sodium sulfide dissolved in tap water was pumped into the bioreactor as sulfide for biological desulfurization. The sulfide, sulfur and sulfate-S in the effluent and the sulfide purged as gas-phase HzS were determined to investigate the effects of operating parameters, such as pH, DO, hydraulic retention time （HRT）, temperature and salinity, on the sulfide oxidation products. The activity of bacteria was highest at pH 7.8-8.2. The maximal sulfide removal load was 7.25 kg/（m^3·day）, with a 322.07 mg/L influent sulfide concentration and 4.80 mg/L DO. The increase of DO value corresponds to a decrease in the sulfur yield. The reactor had the highest sulfide removal load and sulfur yield at 2.55 mg/L DO. HRT had little effect on desulfurization efficiency when the sulfide removal load was kept constant. The most effective desulfurization temperature was 33℃. The sulfide removal load decreased from 2.85 to 0.51 kg/（m^3.day） with increasing salinity from 0.5% to 2.5% （m/m）.     

赤铁矿抑制硫酸盐废水厌氧消化产甲烷过程中硫化氢形成与机制

为了实现高浓度硫酸盐废水厌氧消化过程中甲烷的高值化产出,本文探究了赤铁矿添加对硫酸盐废水厌氧消化系统中硫化氢形成的抑制效果与作用机制.以人工配制的硫酸盐废水为研究对象,考察不同赤铁矿投加量下高浓度硫酸盐废水的厌氧消化性能,并分析反应体系中硫元素的迁移转化途径.结果表明,未添加赤铁矿的反应器的厌氧消化启动时间及硫化氢浓度分别是0.5 g·（30 mL）^-1赤铁矿添加组的1.64倍及180倍.这说明添加赤铁矿不仅能够缩短厌氧消化的延迟时间,而且有效降低反应器中硫化氢的浓度.硫元素的动态平衡分析结果显示,添加0.5 g·（30 mL）^-1赤铁矿反应器中固体硫含量占总硫的96.9%.XPS结果进一步表明,赤铁矿添加主要是促废水中的S^2-以FeS₂的形式固定.因此,赤铁矿的添加能够有效加速硫酸盐废水厌氧消化过程,同时降低反应器中硫化氢的浓度.     

Simultaneous removal of CO2, NOx and SOx using single stage absorption column

Capturing flue gases often require multiple stages of scrubbing, increasing the capital and operating costs. So far, no attempt has been made to study the absorption characteristics of all the three gases (NO, SO₂ and CO₂) in a single stage absorption unit at alkaline pH conditions. We have attempted to capture all the three gases with a single wet scrubbing column. The absorption of all three gases with sodium carbonate solution promoted with oxidizers was investigated in a tall absorption column. The absorbance was found to be 100% for CO₂, 30% for NO and 95% for SO₂ respectively. The capture efficiency of sodium carbonate solution was increased by 40% for CO₂ loading, with the addition of oxidizer. Absorption kinetics and reaction pathways of all the three gases were discussed individually in detail.     

炼油碱渣废水中硫化物去除技术的研究进展

简单介绍了炼油碱渣废水的来源及特点,综述了近年来炼油碱渣废水中硫化物的去除技术(包括沉淀技术、氧化技术、生物技术、超声波技术、电化学技术等)的研究进展。结合各技术的特点分析指出:以催化氧化为核心,以高效、经济、条件缓和为主要目标的组合工艺的优化与集成以及新型催化剂的研发,是炼油碱渣废水中硫化物去除技术的发展趋势。     

原油储罐硫化氢脱除实验及应用

采用循环气提法脱除原油储罐中的硫化氢以达到降低储罐内硫化氢浓度的目的。某联合站卸油台零位罐的实验结果表明:经过7h的实验,零位罐观察口硫化氢浓度可由484mg/m3降低至9mg/m3。文章主要介绍了循环气提法在轮三联合站卸油台零位罐的实验过程、除硫剂的筛选及在某联合站原油储罐的应用情况。实践证明该方法能够有效降低储罐内硫化氢浓度。