Hydrogen production from biomass

The ‘hydrogen economy’ has received considerable attention in academic, industrial and political contexts. There are opportunities for vast reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, increased energy security and greater overall efficiency. However, if hydrogen is to become a fundamental energy source for electrical power generation, as well as a transportation fuel, novel generation pathways will be necessary to meet the increase in demand. A promising means for generating hydrogen is the thermochemical conversion of biomass to a synthesis gas, composed of a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and methane. In order to manipulate the composition and maximise the hydrogen output, a calcium-based carbon dioxide sorbent can be utilised in situ. The removal of carbon dioxide alters the reaction chemistry to preferentially produce hydrogen. In this work we report on the characterisation of a likely Ca-based carbon dioxide sorbent and demonstrate the merits of hydrogen production from biomass, with in situ carbon dioxide capture, on the basis of a thermodynamic study. Using this model we show that hydrogen output from biomass gasification can be increased from 40%-vol to 80%-vol (dry basis) when a carbon dioxide sorbent is used.     

炼油碱渣废水中硫化物去除技术的研究进展

简单介绍了炼油碱渣废水的来源及特点,综述了近年来炼油碱渣废水中硫化物的去除技术(包括沉淀技术、氧化技术、生物技术、超声波技术、电化学技术等)的研究进展。结合各技术的特点分析指出:以催化氧化为核心,以高效、经济、条件缓和为主要目标的组合工艺的优化与集成以及新型催化剂的研发,是炼油碱渣废水中硫化物去除技术的发展趋势。     

连续流动分析法测定水和废水中的硫化物

依据IS010530：1992（E）的方法,用连续流动分析仪对多种样品（包括有色废水和标样）进行了测定。结果表明,硫化物的浓度在0～1．0mg／L的范围内,具有良好的线性,硫化物在线预处理系统使样品分析的速度大大提高,可分析20个样品／h,分析结果的相对标准偏差小于2．0,回收率92．3％～103．4％。     

珠江口桂山岛沉积物中重金属生物毒性评价和同步萃取金属形态特征

采用冷扩散法和连续萃取方法对珠江口桂山岛附近7个位点表层沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)、同步萃取重金属(SEM)和沉积物中重金属形态进行了研究.研究结果表明,表层沉积物中AVS含量较低,沉积物中重金属主要以残留态和硫化物结合态存在,其次为还原态、有机质结合态和少量弱酸提取态.Pearson相关分析表明,沉积物中SEM与Ca(r=0.677)、Al(r=0.668)和Fe(r=0.787)有显著正相关关系,而与有机碳(r=-0.908)有显著负相关关系,沉积物组分影响着重金属的生物毒性,SEM/AVS预测可能会过高估计重金属生态毒性.由150μmol.g-1(∑SEM-AVS)/fOC340μmo.lg-1,表层沉积物中重金属对底栖生物有潜在或慢性毒性作用.对沉积物样品中SEM结合特征研究表明,SEM-Cu主要为Cu弱酸提取态、还原态和硫化物结合态,另有部分有机质结合态和少量残留态;SEM-Pb和SEM-Ni主要为Pb和Ni残留态,同时还包括Pb和Ni全部弱酸提取态、还原态、有机质结合态和硫化物结合态;SEM-Zn主要为Zn弱酸提取态、还原态和硫化物结合态,另有少量的有机质结合态.     

大型原料污水罐水力清理方法

对炼油厂污水汽提装置原料污水罐的罐外水力清理方法进行了总结,重点叙述了清罐的前期准备工作．及整个施工过程应注意的关键事项。     

城市排水管道中硫化氢产气原因及影响因素分析

管道内的硫化氢气体可以引起管道腐蚀、恶臭、危害人体及动植物健康。硫化氢生成是一个物理、化学、生物作用的综合过程,其中有多种复杂反应交替进行。本文论述了城市污水管道中硫化氢的产生原因,包括参与反应的细菌及主要的反应过程。分析了影响管道内污水硫化氢产生的影响因素,对于工业、管道系统中生成的硫化氢产量的控制,可以通过控制这些反应的反应条件及反应物质来实现。     

炼油企业储罐排放气综合治理及回收技术

描述了炼油企业储罐逸散废气恶臭污染常用处理技术,如吸附法、碱吸收法、氧化法等,进而介绍了中国石化抚顺石油化工研究院开发的新型技术——低温油品吸收法,可使储罐废气中硫化物排放减少到1mg／m3以下,烃类物质90％以上达到回收。     

高酸气田井站火炬冷放空过程模拟分析

通过对硫化氢气体在复杂地形下的扩散过程进行数值模拟分析,得出井站在不同风向下有毒气体的可能影响范围,提出将可能影响范围与事故应急预案相结合,实现事故状态下的应急处置。     

硫氮比对废水脱氮与沼气脱硫耦联功能茵的影响

从废水脱氮与沼气脱硫耦联反应器中分离到了2株同步脱氮除硫功能菌--荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)和铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa).在pH 7.0,温度30℃,无供氧,培养时间2 d的条件下进行了2株功能菌纯培养的同步脱氮除硫效果试验,研究了不同硫氮比对同步脱...     

Effects of different pretreatment methods on anaerobic mixed microflora for hydrogen production and COD reduction from palm oil mill effluent

Effects of different pretreatment methods on sludge inocula were evaluated with respect to hydrogen (H₂) production enhancement using palm oil mill effluent (POME) in a batch system. The experimental results showed that the pretreatment methods (chemical, acid, heat-shock, freezing and thawing, and base) at 35 °C and initial pH 5.5 had a positive influence on H₂ production yield and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency during the fermentative H₂ production as compared to the control experiments (without pretreatment). Heat-shock pretreatment method was shown to be a simple and useful method for enhancing both H₂ producing and COD removal processes from POME with highest H₂ yield and COD removal efficiency at 0.41 mmol H₂/g COD and 86%, respectively.