Advancing urban ecosystem governance in Rotterdam: From experimenting and evidence gathering to new ways for integrated planning

To improve quality of life as well as the adaptive capacity in the city of Rotterdam over the past 15 years there has been a lot of focus on improving green infrastructure and finding new ways for integrated planning. As many cities face similar challenges they are looking for novel approaches in urban ecosystem governance. The Rotterdam case can be an interesting example but can also reveal new questions to be researched.Before local policies and projects where developed a regional and urban green blue vision of how to improve overall quality of life using green infrastructure were developed. This provided policy frameworks for politicians, policymakers and other actors. Later on the same was done with Urban Waterplan 2, using the Rotterdam Watercity 2030 vision document as a basis. This vision was the result of a stakeholder based planning process which was made for the International Architecture Biennale 2005. Within these frameworks many interesting projects have been built and tested in the city and city region; ranging from a) a roof park over a railway yard to connect neighbourhoods to the waterfront, to b) water squares and c) digging new waterways with connected walking and biking routes. To go from projects to an overall implementation at city level required tools and approaches for better decision making. For the ‘Dakpark’ project as well as for the Zomerhofkwartier, the first climate proof neighbourhood in the city, stakeholder sessions were held and plans were drawn together with urban planners and landscape architects. To feed these processes even better and to know what would be an optimal solution for certain challenges, city data were studied and linked to scalable GIS mapping in the ‘smart city planner’. This tool gives the decision maker the possibility to quickly have an overview of an area and can be used in a stakeholder process to provide relevant additional information and to define joint projects. The tool makes it possible to do this for all 90 neighbourhoods in the city.Overall the urban ecosystem governance in the city of Rotterdam has – with trial and error- lead to a series of innovative projects. The next steps are acceleration and scaling up to city and regional level. Valuing the crucial role of green blue infrastructure for several aspects of the quality of life in cities are paramount.     

Method of Producing Biodegradable Reference Material and its Biodegradability Based on International Standard Evaluation Method (ISO 14855-2)

Returnable cups made of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) are employed as an example of products made of biodegradable plastics. Two kinds of PLA samples plates and powders with different shapes were prepared from PLA cups. The plates were cut from a cup using nippers. Powders were prepared using a rotation mechanical mixer for 45 min. PLA powders were separated by sieves with 60 meshes (250 μm) into a size ranging from 0 to 250 μm. An average diameter of powders separated by a sieve is 169 μm. Biodegradation tests of PLA plates, PLA powders and cellulose powders in controlled compost at 58 °C were performed using a Microbial Oxidative Degradation Analyzer (MODA) instrument according to ISO 14855-2. PLA powders showed almost the same biodegradation curve as that of cellulose powders. PLA plates biodegraded at a slower rate than PLA powders.     

中外灭火专业标准体系比较研究

为明确我国灭火专业标准体系发展的方向和重点,分别从灭火剂、灭火器、灭火救援装备、消防通信和灭火救援管理5个方面对我国和国际消防标准化组织、美国消防标准研究机构及协会发布的灭火救援标准共200项进行了比较研究。结果表明,我国固体和液体灭火剂标准处于国际领先水平,但气体灭火剂标准未涉及部分新型卤代烷气体灭火剂;灭火器标准修订情况落后于国际标准;灭火装备类标准数量较多,但不够全面且缺乏系统性;消防通信系统标准落后于目前通信技术的发展;灭火救援管理类标准是我国消防标准化最为薄弱的方面。针对上述问题,对我国灭火专业标准体系的发展和完善提出了改进意见。     

Adoption of environmental standards in Australia: focus on ISO 14001

This study aimed to explore the adoption of environmental standards in Australia, focusing on ISO 14001. The authors used purposive sampling to select a group of ISO 14001 certified and a group of ISO 14001 non-certified companies. Data were collected through a combination of website searches and content analysis. The study found that, overall, 92.9% of the ISO 14001 certified compared to 78.4% of the ISO 14001 non-certified companies promoted their environmental commitment through various methods. In addition, 33.4% of ISO 14001 non-certified companies (compared to 19.2% of certified companies) used their environmental engagement activities as a marketing tool. Second, 80.9% of ISO 14001 certified companies' and 26.7% of the non-certified companies' reports are easy to find and are clearly stated. The study concludes that Australian companies engage in similar environmental activities irrespective of whether they are ISO 14001 certified or not. Both management and research implications of the study's findings are presented.     

新版ISO14001关于文件的要求

ISO14001：2004标准要求应用本标准的组织应建立文件化的环境管理体系。本文详细分析了标准要求形成文件的内容和文件的表现形式，给出了环境管理体系文件结构的建议。     

ISO14000与可持续发展的关系

ISO14000是国际标准化组织制定的环境管理系列标准，已成为环境管理的热点，本文分析了ISO14000的基本要求，通过分析ISO14000与可持续发展的关系，指出如何通过ISO14000的推广，有效促进可持续发展进程。     

Comparative analysis of diffusion of the ISO 14001 standard by sector of activity

In recent years there have been many approaches to understand the cross-country diffusion rate of the most common environmental management standards issued by the International Organization for Standardization, the ISO 14000 series, due to their spectacular growth around the world, even though a certain saturation has been detected in some countries. However, few studies have shed light on the diffusion process of these standards across sectors of activity. Therefore, the present paper examines whether there are patterns of diffusion of the ISO 14001 standard that are singular at specific sectors of economic activity. The analysis was carried out using a logistic curve that fits quite well to explain the nature of this growth, and instability and concentration indexes were calculated to analyze the evolution of the rankings of the sectors attending the number of certifications ISO 14001. It concludes that the diffusion among sectors is quite homogeneous: all sectors have experienced similar behavior. Moreover, the article proposes some suggestions for future research.     

Can ISO 14063 be a tool to plan the environmental communication strategy of a territorial area?

Over the past two decades, communication on environmental values, actions and performance has become an essential activity of organisations, because of the increased public concern and legislation related to the environment.

Stakeholders put pressure on companies to take environmental responsibility. In this framework, an effective environmental communication can generate value-added on companies' environmental work, and consequently, their competitiveness and profitability can benefit from communicating their environmental responsibility.

In 2006, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) launched a standard for environmental communication, ISO 14063. ISO 14063 should not be used for third-party certification purposes. Instead, it is intended to be used as a guideline and support companies to ensure successful environmental communication. The aim of this paper is to prompt a discussion about the applicability of the standard ISO 14063 not only to single organisations but as a tool to plan the environmental communication strategy of a whole territorial area. This is achieved by performing a case study relating to the Interreg IVC-funded project “Progresland”. The project involved three Italian and one Spanish natural areas and demonstrated that ISO 14063 could be a valid support to define and implement an environmental communication plan for a territorial area.     

基于ISO 26262的甲醇/柴油喷射控制系统功能安全概念开发

为提高甲醇/柴油双燃料发动机的安全性和可靠性,基于ISO 26262功能安全标准,定义甲醇/柴油喷射控制系统相关项,分析系统结构和功能;参照DFMEA分析方法,构造出相关项失效模型,得到系统功能失效导致的整车级危害;分析在最坏潜在事故场景下,危害事件的严重度、暴露率、可控性等级,得到汽车安全完整性等级,确立安全目标;提出系统功能安全要求,根据分解规则,将功能安全要求分配到系统各要素当中去,确立安全机制;在Isograph软件中搭建FTA故障树模型,评估系统硬件随机失效指标与安全目标一致性,验证功能安全概念。结果表明:利用功能安全概念更新系统架构,评估各个要素失效率和安全机制诊断覆盖率后,系统随机硬件失效指标为9.405E-09/h,符合ASILD等级安全要求。     

ISO 14001认证中环境监测的问题与对策

在ISO 14001：2004（环境管理体系一要求及使用指南》认证过程中,认证机构需要通过环境监测判断申请认证组织的污染物排放是否达到环境标准和总量控制指标的要求,指出在ISO 14001认证中的环境监测,存在着监测项目不充分、监测过程偏离技术规范、监测机构没有相应资质和审核员缺乏环境科学与技术知识等问题,以及认证机构不能有效利用环境监测这一手段评价申请认证组织的环境行为,提出了应充分识别环境监测要求、严格把好环境监测机构资质关和提高审核员环境科学与技术素质的一系列对策。