模型模拟土壤性质和植被种类对再生水灌溉水盐运移的影响

为推动再生水安全灌溉,本研究运用ENVIRO-GRO模型模拟了不同土壤性质、植被条件下土壤盐分的分布规律及累积趋势,探讨了土壤性质和植被种类对再生水灌溉水盐运移的影响.研究发现,不同土壤初始含盐量下,经多年重复模拟后最终达到统一的平衡状态;而不同土壤质地下,随着灌溉年份的增加,壤土、黏壤土中的土壤ECe年均值逐渐增加直到平衡,砂壤土中的土壤ECe年均值逐渐减少直到平衡,平衡时土层中的ECe值砂壤土〈壤土〈黏壤土.3种植被下,大叶黄杨、油松的土壤ECe值增加量小于早熟禾;土壤盐分在土层中的空间、时间分布也均有所不同.此外,不同模拟情景下,土壤盐分累积都不会影响植被的生长（黏壤土除外）,但均出现轻度盐渍化（砂壤土除外）.     

基于全过程控制的铁路建设项目生态环境保护发展状况评估

铁路建设项目的生态环境影响在其全生命周期内各时期有不同的表现形式.在阐述不同时期应重点关注的生态环境保护问题的基础上,从全过程控制角度,建立了涵盖前期规划、建设期、运营期3个阶段的铁路建设项目生态环境保护发展状况评估指标体系,运用层次分析法对各指标进行权重评定.根据权重计算结果对铁路建设项目生态环境保护工作中重要时期及...     

Insight into the safety distance of ground and underground installations in typical petrochemical plants

Petrochemical plants are continuously turning into large-size corporations, the installations of facilities show a developing trend from ground to underground because of the difference in land using rate. In this regard, the safety distance of petrochemical equipment buried in both ground and underground cases were investigated based on risk assessment. As a case study, gasoline tank and LPG tank set on the ground and underground are singled out to compare the risks involved. The research showed that the setting case of installation had a great influence on safety distance. Two cases have 80% reduction of equivalent safety distance compared with the rest of the cases. It was found that when the gasoline storage tank was placed underground alone, the PLL value decreased by 36.7%. Only LPG tank was placed underground, and the PLL decreased by 6.33%, and the gasoline and LPG storage tanks were placed underground simultaneously, the PLL value declined by 42.3%. Thus, the layout of plants could be further optimized, which can greatly improve the performances of land use efficiency and safety. In addition, this paper, the selection of embedding methods and the sensitivity of underground case to overpressure was resumed from two aspects: soil properties and burial depth. For the soil properties, it was found that the water saturated sandy soil with high air content and the low density unsaturated sandy soil had better effects on weakening overpressure. Such properties are particularly beneficial to reducing the occurrence rate of accidents. In terms of burial depth, it can be observed that as the burial depth was changed from 0.5m to 1.1m, the value of overpressure has dropped dramatically. When the burial depth was 2m, the damage to personnel and buildings has been greatly reduced beyond 2m from the explosion center.     

超低排放改造后燃煤电厂常规大气污染物排放特征

基于海口电厂"超低排放"燃煤机组在线监测数据和实测结果,研究颗粒物、SO₂、NO_x排放特征,分析颗粒物粒径分布和化学成分谱.结果显示,"超低排放"机组颗粒物、SO₂、NO_x排放浓度均值分别为(1.57±0.81)、(15.15±6.23)和(40.10±3.63) mg·m^-3,均满足超低排放限值要求.TSP、PM₁₀、PM_2.5、PM₁、SO₂、NO_x的排放因子均值分别为0.0099、0.0098、0.0092、0.0065、 0.1131、0.2882 kg·t^-1,排放因子集中在很窄的区间内,呈正态或偏正态分布,与未进行超低改造研究结果比较,排放因子减小了1～2个数量级.颗粒物数浓度分布呈双峰分布,数浓度峰值粒径为0.027μm和0.641μm;质量浓度呈单峰分布,峰值粒径为1.100μm.PM₁₀、PM_2.5...     

鄱阳湖湿地植物生态系统结构及湖水位对其影响研究

通过对鄱阳湖水文过程和湖盆地形特点的分析,利用3S技术对鄱阳湖湿地进行了分类,研究了各种类型湿地植物生态系统的生境、主要植物群落结构和分布规律。结果表明,鄱阳湖湿地植物生态系统结构复杂,生物多样性极其丰富。湿地植物是以根茎为主要繁殖器官的克隆繁殖植物,以集群分布为主要特点。在宏观尺度上受地形高程、湖水位和洲滩出露时间制约,不同植物群落沿水分梯度分布;在景观尺度上受到土壤含水量、地下水埋深和土壤结构影响,形成水平镶嵌结构;微观尺度上还与微地形和土壤养分密切相关,部分区域表现为复合体结构。湿地植被对水分梯度的敏感性,导致湿地植物生态系统的易变性和脆弱性。近年来,鄱阳湖水位过低且持续时间长,使生态系统遭受一定损害。     

Woody plant roots fail to penetrate a clay-lined landfill: Managment implications

In many locations, regulatory agencies do not permit tree planting above landfills that are sealed with a capping clay, because roots might penetrate the clay barrier and expose landfill contents to leaching. We find, however, no empirical or theoretical basis for this restriction, and instead hypothesize that plant roots of any kind are incapable of penetrating the dense clays used to seal landfills. As a test, we excavated 30 trees and shrubs, of 12 species, growing over a clay-lined municipal sanitary landfill on Staten Island, New York. The landfill had been closed for seven years, and featured a very shallow (10 to 30-cm) soil layer over a 45-cm layer of compacted grey marl (Woodbury series) clay. The test plants had invaded naturally from nearby forests. All plants examined—including trees as tall as 6 m—had extremely shallow root plates, with deformed tap roots that grew entirely above and parallel to the clay layer. Only occasional stubby feeder roots were found in the top 1 cm of clay, and in clay cracks at depths to 6 cm, indicating that the primary impediment to root growth was physical, although both clay and the overlying soil were highly acidic. These results, if confirmed by experimental research should lead to increased options for the end use of many closed sanitary landfills.     

Material flow indicators to measure progress toward a sound material-cycle society

This article reviews recent progress in material flow analysis and its use in providing resource productivity indicators and is based on developments in Japanese policy toward a sound material-cycle society and in international forums such as within the Organisation for Economic Development and Cooperation, covering both institutional and methodological issues. Indicators derived from economy-wide material flow accounts such as direct material inputs are useful to demonstrate the absolute size of a physical economy and to reinforce the need to both reduce consumption of natural resources and limit waste generation. Interpretation of material flows as resources and potential environmental impacts is discussed, and linkages between the size of material flows and specific environmental impacts and damage must be further elaborated for use in environmental policy. Lessons learned from the practical use of resource productivity indicators are also discussed. Additional indicators are needed that can be used to evaluate the performance of microeconomic contributors. The need for an integrated approach that links upstream resource issues and downstream waste issues through the 3Rs concept or the circular economy/society concept is attracting increasing attention. Consequently, the accumulation of reliable scientific knowledge and data in this field in a fully international context is essential.     

贵州珍稀濒危药用植物与可持续开发利用

通过调查贵州珍稀濒危药用植物的种类、分布、现状及用途，为该省珍稀濒危药用植物的合理开发利用提供依据。采用实地调查、资料查阅、市场调研，然后作出评估与评价。结果表明，贵州珍稀濒危药用植物种类较多，具有良好的开发应用前景。贵州珍稀濒危药用植物的开发利用应走深度开发、可持续利用模式。     

木本植物休眠的诱导因子及其细胞内Ca2+水平的调节作用

本研究揭示 ,越冬木本植物在夏秋转变过程中对光周期变化十分敏感 .在北纬 4 5°的明尼苏达州圣保罗地区 ,当日照变短 72min时 (2 0 0 0年 8月 8日 ) ,桑树顶芽细胞质浆和细胞核内即出现Ca2 流入 ,而在夏天长日照时期 (7月上、中旬 )很少有Ca2 存在的细胞质和细胞核 .12d后 (8月 2 0日 ) ,观测到桑树和杨树芽已经开始进入生理休眠 .从 9月上旬到 11月中旬 ,细胞质和细胞核内的Ca2 浓度显著升高 ,11月中旬达到高峰 .与此同时 ,芽的生理休眠深度也迅速增加 ,并于 11月达到高峰 ,4 2d培养也不见萌芽迹象 .到 12月中旬 (12月 2 0日 ) ,细胞核和细胞质中的Ca2 浓度又恢复到夏季观察到的低水平 ,显示早先进入细胞质和细胞核中的Ca2 已经被排出 .此后 ,在 12月下旬 (2 5日 ) ,检测到生理休眠的终结 .室外补充光照实验进一步证明 ,只有日照缩短才会引发植物进入自然生理休眠 ;保持日照长度不变 ,晚夏时期的自然温度降低 ,不能诱导植株停止生长和进入休眠 .这些结果表明 ,越冬木本植物在晚夏到冬季的生理休眠发展过程中 ,日照缩短引起的核和质内Ca2 的流入不仅起着传递日照变短信号的作用 ,导致生理休眠的起始 ;而且 ,高水平的核 /质Ca2 浓度还起着发展和保持深度生理休眠的作用 .图版 1图 1表 2参     

It’s All in the Numbers: Acreage Tallies and Environmental Program Evaluation

Increasingly, performance measurement is being used to hold federal agencies accountable, represent environmental progress, and evaluate the effectiveness of environmental programs. The need to track measurable outputs has created a tendency to present programmatic progress solely by quantifiable data, despite the inherent complexity of natural resource management. Wetlands and fire management programs are two specific environmental arenas that have come to overemphasize the tracking of acreage numbers to validate existing policy direction. In both of these arenas, we find the definition and categorization of "countable" acres to be inconsistent and unreliable. We explore this systemic flaw for both wetlands and fire programs and describe its implications for environmental policy and natural resource management more broadly. We conclude with recommendations for improved performance measurement in these arenas.