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161.
Occupational exposure to synthetic musks in barbershops,compared with the common exposure in the dormitories and households 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Synthetic musks (SMs) have been widely used as fragrance ingredients in personal care and sanitary commodities. Due to their high volatility and particle-binding affinity, the indoor dust is a major reservoir of SMs, and dust ingestion could be an important exposure way to special populations, such as hairdressers. In spite of the known toxicity of SMs, there is no information regarding the occurrence of SMs in barbershop dusts and the exposure of hairdressers through indoor dust ingestion. In the present study, the levels of two nitro musks and five polycyclic musks were measured from indoor dust samples collected from barbershops, and some other indoor dust samples were also collected from dormitories, bathhouses and households for comparison. The concentrations of ∑SMs in barbershop dusts were 10–100 times higher than those from the other three indoor microenvironments. Polycyclic musks accounted for 89.4% of ∑SMs on average in all samples, of which two compounds, HHCB and AHTN jointly dominated 97.9% of polycyclic musks. The levels of HHCB and AHTN varied from 12.2 to 8.39 × 105 and from 13.2 to 3.49 × 105 ng g−1, respectively. The daily intakes (DIs) of ∑SMs through house dust ingestion were estimated using the model of high dust ingestion and worst-case exposure (P95), and the corresponding exposure rates were 2791, 135 and 727 ng d−1 for the hairdressers, general population and toddlers. SMs were also detected in blood samples collected from the hairdressers and normal adults (n = 50 and 10, respectively). There was no significant difference between these two groups. Despite the absence of higher SM concentrations in hairdresser’s blood, we should not overlook the potential occupational health risks due to their high SMs ingestion rate. 相似文献
162.
Appleton JD Cave MR Miles JC Sumerling TJ 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2011,102(3):221-234
Least squares (LS), Theil’s (TS) and weighted total least squares (WTLS) regression analysis methods are used to develop empirical relationships between radium in the ground, radon in soil and radon in dwellings to assist in the post-closure assessment of indoor radon related to near-surface radioactive waste disposal at the Low Level Waste Repository in England. The data sets used are (i) estimated 226Ra in the <2 mm fraction of topsoils (eRa226) derived from equivalent uranium (eU) from airborne gamma spectrometry data, (ii) eRa226 derived from measurements of uranium in soil geochemical samples, (iii) soil gas radon and (iv) indoor radon data. For models comparing indoor radon and (i) eRa226 derived from airborne eU data and (ii) soil gas radon data, some of the geological groupings have significant slopes. For these groupings there is reasonable agreement in slope and intercept between the three regression analysis methods (LS, TS and WTLS). Relationships between radon in dwellings and radium in the ground or radon in soil differ depending on the characteristics of the underlying geological units, with more permeable units having steeper slopes and higher indoor radon concentrations for a given radium or soil gas radon concentration in the ground. The regression models comparing indoor radon with soil gas radon have intercepts close to 5 Bq m−3 whilst the intercepts for those comparing indoor radon with eRa226 from airborne eU vary from about 20 Bq m−3 for a moderately permeable geological unit to about 40 Bq m−3 for highly permeable limestone, implying unrealistically high contributions to indoor radon from sources other than the ground. An intercept value of 5 Bq m−3 is assumed as an appropriate mean value for the UK for sources of indoor radon other than radon from the ground, based on examination of UK data. Comparison with published data used to derive an average indoor radon: soil 226Ra ratio shows that whereas the published data are generally clustered with no obvious correlation, the data from this study have substantially different relationships depending largely on the permeability of the underlying geology. Models for the relatively impermeable geological units plot parallel to the average indoor radon: soil 226Ra model but with lower indoor radon: soil 226Ra ratios, whilst the models for the permeable geological units plot parallel to the average indoor radon: soil 226Ra model but with higher than average indoor radon: soil 226Ra ratios. 相似文献
163.
Levels and sources of brominated flame retardants in human hair from urban, e-waste, and rural areas in South China 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Zheng J Luo XJ Yuan JG Wang J Wang YT Chen SJ Mai BX Yang ZY 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(12):3706-3713
Human hair and indoor dust from urban, e-waste, and rural areas in south China were collected and analyzed for brominated flame retardants (BFRs). BFRs concentrations in hair from occupational e-waste recycling workers were higher than those from non-occupational exposed residents in other sampling areas. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) are two major BFRs in hair samples. The PBDE congener profiles in hair from the e-waste area are different from those from urban and rural areas with relatively higher contribution of lower brominated congeners. DBDPE, instead of BDE209, has become the major BFR in non-e-waste recycling areas. Significant correlations were found between hair level and dust level for DBDPE and BTBPE but not for PBDEs. The different PBDE congener profiles between dust and hair may suggest that exogenous exposure to the PBDE adsorbed on dust is not a major source of hair PBDEs. 相似文献
164.
The type and amount of indoor air pollutants affects the comfort and quality of indoor environments. Therefore, indoor air
quality is an important issue with different social, economic, and health aspects because people in developing countries spend
most of their time indoors being exposed to different kinds of indoor pollutants. The indoor air quality can be assessed empirically
by measuring the pollutant concentrations or can be predicted by means of mathematical models. An indoor aerosol model describes
the dynamic behavior of indoor air pollutants. The basic concept of indoor air models is the mass-balance-conservation where
several factors that govern the indoor particle concentrations can be described. These factors may include direct emissions
from indoor sources, outdoor aerosol particles penetrating indoors as a result of the ventilation and filtration processes,
deposition onto indoor surfaces, and removal from indoor air by means of ventilation. Here we present principles of indoor
aerosol models and we also give examples of different kind of models. 相似文献
165.
Malathi J Selvasekarapandian S Brahmanandhan GM Khanna D Meenakshisundaram V Jose MT Rajan MP Hegde AG 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,137(1-3):163-168
Most of the building materials contain naturally occurring radioactive elements, the most important of which are potassium
40K and the members of two natural radioactive series, which can be represented by the isotopes of thorium 232Th and Uranium 238U. The presence of these radioisotopes in the materials causes external exposure to the people who live in the building. In
addition, the disintegration of Uranium 238U increases the concentration of radon gas 222Rn and of its daughters in the house. So a systematic indoor gamma dose measurement has been performed in the dwellings of
Agastheeswaram Taluk of Kanyakumari district, which is lying within the 30 km radius from the upcoming Kudankulam nuclear
power plant site. The geometric mean of annual absorbed dose from gamma radiation in dwellings has been found to be 278 nGyh−1. The seasonal variation of indoor gamma dose measurements has also been studied. Significant differences have been observed
in dwellings built of different materials such as concrete, tiled, etc. 相似文献
166.
This study investigates, experimentally and numerically, the environmental conditions prevailing in a large mechanically ventilated
athletic hall, with the aid of the computational fluid dynamics code PHOENICS. The indoor space of the building was simulated
in the PHOENICS environment and the model results were validated against experimental data collected during a 10-day campaign
in the hall. The measurements included airflow characteristics and pollutants concentrations at different locations of the
indoor space, as well as surface temperatures of the indoor materials. Having obtained good agreement between experimental
and numerical results, different scenarios were applied in the model to investigate the environmental conditions prevailing
in the hall under different ventilation and occupational conditions. These regard air-conditioning, heating, and cooling modes,
as well as empty and full hall during an athletic event. The airflow, temperature, and CO2 concentration fields were studied and results revealed dynamic behavior of the fields, significantly altering with the different
considered cases. The airflow patterns were characterized by distinct vortices of various sizes, originating from the ceiling
air inlet fans of the heating–ventilating–air conditioning system, while temperature and pollution stratification were evident,
indicating ineffective performance of the ventilation system. 相似文献
167.
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170.
Phthalate esters (PAEs), typical pollutants widely used as plasticizers, are ubiquitous in various indoor and outdoor environments. PAEs exist in both gas and particle phases, posing risks to human health. In the present study, we chose four typical kinds of indoor and outdoor environments with the longest average human residence times to assess the human exposure in Hangzhou, including newly decorated residences, ordinary residences, offices and outdoor air. In order to analyze the pollution levels and characteristics of 15 gas- and particle-phase PAEs in indoor and outdoor environments, air and particulate samples were collected simultaneously. The total PAEs concentrations in the four types of environments were 25,396, 25,466.8, 15,388.8 and 3616.2?ng/m3, respectively. DEHP and DEP were the most abundant, and DMPP was at the lowest level. Distinct variations in the distributions of indoor/outdoor, gas/particle-phase and different molecular weights of PAEs were observed, showing that indoor environments were the main sources of PAEs pollution. While most PAEs tended to exsit in indoor sites and gas-phase, the high-molecular-weight chemicals tended to exist in the particle-phase and were mainly found in PM2.5. PAEs were more likely adsorbed by small particles, especially for the indoor environments. There existed a good correlation between the particle matter concentrations and the PAEs levels. In addition, neither temperature nor humidity had obvious effects on the distributions of the PAEs concentrations. 相似文献