The Effect of Soil Cultivation on the Humus State of Gray Forest Soil in the Middle Urals

The results of studies on the humus state of soils in agrosystems of the Middle Urals (1984–1997) are described. It is shown that the change of agricultural technologies (crop rotation, doses of organic fertilizers, etc.) transforms environmental conditions and the direction of humus formation processes. Parameters such as the concentrations of humus and water-soluble carbon and soil potential for humus accumulation reliably characterize the humus state of arable soil and allow the mobility and migration rate of humic substances to be monitored.     

不同气候情景下甘肃草地碳收支时空模拟与预测

在碳达峰、碳中和的背景下,草地碳汇是实现碳中和的关键路径.基于第六次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）气候情景数据,运用Daycent模型对甘肃草地2015~2100年碳收支进行模拟,并利用趋势分析法研究未来78 a草地碳收支的时空变化规律.结果表明,SSP245未来气候情景下,净生态系统生产力（NEP）呈不显著波动下降趋势,速率（以C计,下同）达-0.20 g ·（m² ·a）^-1,且该情景下草地碳汇处于下降状态;SSP585未来气候情景下,草地NEP以1.36 g ·（m² ·a）^-1的速率呈显著波动上升趋势,草地碳汇逐渐增加;草地碳收支的空间分布由西北向东南递增;SSP585气候情景下的温度和降水的增幅高于SSP245的气候情景,且草地碳收支与降水量的变动具有一致性,与温度的变化呈反向关系.研究明确了在不同气候情景下甘肃草地的碳汇强度,对有效固碳有参考和促进作用.     

不同培养条件厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥性质及微生物群落结构差异

采用膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)和上升式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器在不同运行条件下培养厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥,对比分析颗粒污泥性质和微生物群落的差异性.研究表明接种厌氧氨氧化絮状污泥经过EGSB和UASB反应器运行384 d后,均能实现颗粒化,颗粒污泥平均粒径分别达到1.17 mm和1.21 mm,各范围(0.2、 0.2～1.5、 1.5～3和3 mm)的粒径占比为6.06%、 60.05%、 25.25%和8.64%, 7.40%、 58.90%、 32.04%和1.66%.扫描电镜结果表明不同运行条件下的污泥菌群均以短杆菌、球型菌为主.高通量测序结果表明,Shannon指数EGSB反应器为7.52高于UASB反应器为7.18;变形菌门(Proteobacteria)是两个反应器各阶段污泥的主要菌门,浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)从接种时的3.30%增到第384d的12.30%(EGSB)和13.30%(UASB).EGSB反应器中的主要厌氧氨氧化菌属为Candidatus Brocadia占7.53%,其次为Candidatus Kuenenia属占1.61%;而在UASB反应器中Candidatus Brocadia属和Candidatus Kuenenia属分别占比为3.69%和7.54%,Candidatus Kuenenia是其优势厌氧氨氧化菌属.优势菌群丰度与环境因子变化存在联系,Candidatus Brocadia丰度与上升流速(v)、氮容积去除负荷(NRR)呈正相关而与水力停留时间(HRT)呈负相关,Candidatus Kuenenia与氮负荷去除率(NRE)、NRR、HRT呈正相关,而与v呈负相关.     

环境pH条件下Fe2+活化过二硫酸盐降解有机污染物的效能与影响因素

利用Fe²⁺活化过二硫酸盐（PDS）产生SO₄^-·等高活性氧化物种是去除有机污染物的重要方法.然而该方法通常只有在酸性条件下才能获得良好的污染物去除效果,限制了Fe²⁺/PDS体系的实际应用.为此,分别从不同pH条件下Fe²⁺活化PDS降解水中有机污染物的效能、活性氧化物的种类和氧气的影响等角度,系统分析了中碱性条件下Fe²⁺/PDS体系难以氧化有机污染物的影响因素.结果发现,不同pH条件下Fe²⁺/PDS体系中均有SO₄^-·和Fe （Ⅳ）的生成;中碱性条件下溶解氧可与PDS竞争Fe²⁺,但此时仍有可观的PDS （37.6%~100%）得到了活化且排除氧气并不能提高污染物的去除效果.通过改变Fe²⁺的投量发现,过量的Fe²⁺会显著降低Fe²⁺/PDS体系对卡马西平的去除率,这表明过量的Fe²⁺对活性氧化物种是无谓消耗,是导致中碱性条件下Fe²⁺/PDS体系除污效能降低的重要原因.鉴于此,进一步探讨了零价铁或硫化零价铁替代Fe²⁺活化PDS去除污染物的可行性,并利用同步辐射技术分析了零价铁的腐蚀情况.结果为中碱性条件下PDS的有效活化和实际应用提供了理论支撑.     

TPU纳米纤维膜对典型内分泌干扰素的吸附去除

利用静电纺丝技术成功制备了热塑性聚氨酯（TPU）纳米纤维膜（TPU-NFM）,通过扫描电镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱对TPU-NFM进行表征,并设置了动力学实验和热力学实验研究TPU-NFM对BPA、EE2的吸附性能及吸附机理,探讨了环境条件对膜吸附的影响.结果表明：静电纺丝TPU纳米纤维光滑纤细、直径均匀、有良好的网状结构以及丰富的表层基团.吸附实验表明TPU-NFM对BPA的吸附过程符合Langmuir模型和准二级动力学模型,吸附过程中单分子层的化学吸附占主导作用,最大吸附容量q_max=45.48mg/g,最大吸附速率k₂=0.754g/（mg·h）.对EE2的吸附过程符合Langmuir模型和Elovich模型,偏向各吸附机理综合作用的结果,其q_max=38.22mg/g,初始吸附速率a=5.355mg/（g·h）.此外,TPU-NFM对环境中盐度以及pH值的敏感度不高.     

长三角秋冬季典型区域霾天气特征及对比

为总结出霾天气发生时的相关影响因子、特征共性,选取长三角地区8个主要城市,2016~2019年秋冬季发生的7次典型霾天气过程,对比分析了3次霾天气过程中AQI、PM_2.5浓度、气象要素、天气形势、边界层特征的变化以及污染物来源.结果表明：不利的气象条件及高低空配置的静稳天气型导致霾天气的形成.3次过程AQI指数峰值分别为247、306及272,与PM_2.5浓度变化趋于一致.PM_2.5浓度和能见度呈明显负相关关系,且污染过程发生时能见度普遍偏低,2、3次过程能见度谷值均低于50m.高相对湿度、稳定的气温及静风与霾过程的形成有着紧密的联系.总体上混合层高度与AQI呈现负相关关系,混合层高度较低抑制垂直对流,从而使污染物在低空区域性积聚,3次污染过程混合层高度最低值均小于100m.逆温层的出现利于霾污染过程中污染物的累积,近地层的贴地逆温将污染物集聚在地表,第1次过程贴地逆温强度高达8.2℃;脱地逆温导致污染物在边界层内堆积并抑制其扩散,均易导致高浓度污染发生,第2次过程脱地逆温为主,强度高达4.8℃.气溶胶类型多为沙尘、大陆型污染物、污染型沙尘及烟粒.污染发生通常受局地排放、区域输送及长距离输送的共同影响,气团携带的因人为产生的细粒子也是造成污染的主要原因之一.     

Emission of particulate and gaseous pollutants from household laser processing machine

Indoor air quality (IAQ) directly affects the health of occupants. Household manufacturing equipment (HME) used for hobbies or educational purposes is a new and unexplored source of air pollution. In this study, we evaluated the characteristics of particulate and gaseous pollutants produced by a household laser processing equipment (HLPE). Various target materials were tested using a commercial HLPE under various operating conditions of laser power and sheath air flow rate. The mode diameters of the emitted particles gradually decreased as laser power increased, while the particle number concentration (PNC) and particle emission rate (PER) increased. In addition, as the sheath air flow rate quadrupled from 10 to 40 L/min, the mode diameter of the emitted particles decreased by nearly 25%, but the effect on the PNC was insignificant. When the laser induced the target materials at 53 mW, the mode diameters of particles were <150 nm, and PNCs were >2.0 × 10⁴ particles/cm³. Particularly, analyses of sampled aerosols indicated that harmful substances such as sulfur and barium were present in particles emitted from leather. The carcinogenic gaseous pollutants such as acrylonitrile, acetaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, and C₈ aromatics (ethylbenzene) were emitted from all target materials. In an actual indoor environment, the PNC of inhalable ultrafine particles (UFPs) was >5 × 10⁴ particles/cm³ during 30 min of HLPE operation. Our results suggest that more meticulous control methods are needed, including the use of less harmful target materials along with filters or adsorbents that prevent emission of pollutants.     

典型工况下机车牵引电机轴承润滑油失效机理初步分析

从润滑油的基础知识、轴承失效形式及机理等方面入手,重点分析机车牵引电机轴承润滑油在典型工况下的失效机理,找出机车牵引电机轴承润滑油在典型工况下的主要性能指标、检测方法以及各种试验规范,为典型工况下,轴承润滑油的失效分析提供理论和试验依据。     

Effect of preparation method of noble metal supported catalyts on formaldehyde oxidation at room temperature: Gas or liquid phase reduction

Formaldehyde (HCHO) is toxic to the human body and is one of the main threats to the indoor air quality (IAQ). As such, the removal of HCHO is imperative to improving the IAQ, whereby the most useful method to effectively remove HCHO at room temperature is catalytic oxidation. This review discusses catalysts for HCHO room-temperature oxidation, which are categorized according to their preparation methods, i.e., gas-phase reduction and liquid-phase reduction methods. The HCHO oxidation performances, structural features, and reaction mechanisms of the different catalysts are discussed, and directions for future research on catalytic oxidation are reviewed.     

Economic Conditions,the Policy Cycle,and Media Visibility of Environmental Organizations

The extent to which social movements have access to the news media has important implications on the capability of social movements to communicate with and garner support from the public. Factors that shape movement organizations' media visibility thus deserve scholarly attention. This article deals with news coverage of environmental movement organizations (EMOs) in Hong Kong and focuses on the impact of economic conditions, the policy cycle, and the number of EMOs in society on media visibility of EMOs. Analysis of a data-set constructed based on archival data and official statistics illustrates that all three factors influence media visibility of EMOs through media attention to environmental issues, while the number of EMOs and economic conditions also affect media visibility of EMOs directly. In-depth interview data are then used to supplement the quantitative analysis by showing how movement activists perceive and respond strategically to the structural factors. Theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.