Best available techniques (BAT) for the fruit and vegetable processing industry

Best available techniques (BAT) are an important reference point in the environmental permit regulation for industrial installations in the European Union Member States, which have to implement the integrated pollution prevention and control (IPPC)-directive (96/61/EC). BAT correspond to the techniques and organisational measures with the best overall environmental performance that can be introduced at a reasonable cost. In the Flanders part of Belgium, BAT are usually determined at the sector level. The ‘Fruit and Vegetable Processing Industry’ [BAT for Fruit and Vegetable Processing Industry. Gent, Belgium: Academia Press, 1999] is one of the industries for which a BAT report has been drafted. In this paper, the main results of this study are presented. Special attention is given to the use of high quality water¹, as this is the key environmental issue of the industry.     

室内环境污染及防治对策

室内环境污染已成为现实生活中越来越显著的问题,严重影响着人们的身体健康,应该尽早建立监测和监督管理制度。本文对此进行了研究和探讨,并提出相应对策,指出了室内环境污染的防治要从源头有效控制和普及居住健康知识以及加强监督管理三个方面入手,住宅装修要坚持绿色方向,推广使用室内空气净化设施,选择好装饰材料,注意家电污染,增加室内换气频率,政府部门要加强对行业的监督管理,加强科研工作,制定绿色产品标准。     

某水电站恩2#大型滑坡特征及成因机制剖析

西南某水电站恩2#滑坡的总体积约800万m3,属大型滑坡,其滑动将对电站地下厂房安全造成严重威胁.本文在对其基本特征及形成条件进行调查和分析的基础上,论证了其变形破坏机制,并对其影响因素进行了定性评价,为其治理提供了依据.     

Defining acceptable conditions in wilderness

The limits of acceptable change (LAC) planning framework recognizes that forest managers must decide what indicators of wilderness conditions best represent resource naturalness and high-quality visitor experiences and how much change from the pristine is acceptable for each indicator. Visitor opinions on the aspects of the wilderness that have great impact on their experience can provide valuable input to selection of indicators. Cohutta, Georgia; Caney Creek, Arkansas; Upland Island, Texas; and Rattlesnake, Montana, wilderness visitors have high shared agreement that littering and damage to trees in campsites, noise, and seeing wildlife are very important influences on wilderness experiences. Camping within sight or sound of other people influences experience quality more than do encounters on the trails. Visitors’ standards of acceptable conditions within wilderness vary considerably, suggesting a potential need to manage different zones within wilderness for different clientele groups and experiences. Standards across wildernesses, however, are remarkably similar.     

电石公路运输事故特征与安全条件的研究

基于电石生产销售实际以及公路运输特征,笔者系统研究了电石公路运输应该具备的道路条件、人员条件、车辆条件、包装条件、仓储条件、自然条件、装卸条件、承运与交付条件;提出了电石道路运输耐压力、耐冲击、耐震动、耐水、耐低气压的实验设计;分析了电石公路运输事故的主要原因并结合电石公路运输事故中典型的火灾事故的特征;给出了电石火灾的水泥罐车灭火方法以及电石运输事故的紧急救援预案。     

Volumetric assessment of airborne fungi in two sections of a rural indoor dairy cattle shed

There is increasing concern about the exposure to fungal aerosols in occupational environments and associated respiratory allergic diseases and asthma. A large number of people work in cattle sheds around the world, pulmonary function impairments and higher frequency of respiratory symptoms have been reported in dairy farmers; however, it appears that adequate information on the fungal aerosols from the cattle sheds are largely lacking. Volumetric assessment of airborne culturable and nonculturable fungal spores was performed in two sections of a large rural indoor cattle shed of West Bengal, India for 2 consecutive years. An Andersen Two Stage Viable Sampler was used for sampling culturable fungi and a Burkard Personal Slide Sampler was used to collect the total airborne fungal spores including both the culturable and nonculturable types. A total of 31 spore types and 35 types of viable colony-forming units were recorded. Average concentration range of total fungal spores was 233-2985/m(3) and concentration of viable colony-forming units ranged between 165 and 2225 CFU/m(3). Burkard Sampler showed higher frequencies of Aspergilli/Penicilli, Cladosporium, Alternaria, and smut spores. Andersen Sampler showed the prevalence of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Cladosporium cladosporioides colonies. Some recorded fungi were earlier reported as allergenic, toxic, and pathogenic for occupational workers as well as cattle population. Higher concentration levels of airborne total and culturable fungal spores were recorded during the months of November through February (winter) and June through September (late summer and rainy season).     

Air Pollution Potential: Regional Study in Argentina

/ Air pollution potential is a measure of the atmospheric conditions that are unable to transport and dilute pollutants into the air, independently of the existence of sources. This potential can be determined from two atmospheric parameters: mixing height and transport wind. In this paper a statistical analysis of the mixing height and transport wind, in order to determine the areas with high or poor atmospheric ventilation in Argentina, is presented. In order to achieve this, meteorological data registered during 1979-1982 at eight meteorological stations were used. Daily values of the maximum mixing height were calculated from observations of daily temperatures at different heights and maximum surface temperature. At the same time as the maximum mixing height, the values of the transport wind were determined from the surface windspeed and the characteristics of the ground in the surroundings of each meteorological station. The mean seasonal values for both parameters were obtained. Isopleths of the mean seasonal of the maximum mixing heights were drawn. The percentage of seasonal frequencies of poor ventilation conditions were calculated and the frequency isopleths were also drawn to determine areas with minor and major relative frequencies. It was found that the northeastern and central-eastern regions of Argentina had a high air pollution potential during the whole year. Unfavorable atmospheric ventilation conditions were also found in the central-western side of the country during the cold seasons (37.5% in autumn and 56.9% in winter). The region with the greatest atmospheric ventilation is located south of 40 degrees S, where the frequency of poor ventilation varies between 8.0% in summer and 10.8% in winter.     

Characteristics of phosphorus fractionated from the sediment resuspension in abrupt expansion flow experiments

Phosphorous (P) fraction characteristics in sediment resuspension were investigated under adequately hydrodynamic conditions. Four forms of P in overlying water, including dissolved inorganic P, dissolved total P, total P, and particulate P, and six fractions of P in suspended particulate matter (SPM), including loosely sorbed P (NH4Cl-P), redox-sensitive P (BD-P), aluminum-bound P (Al- P), organic P (NaOH-nrP), calcium-bound P (Ca-P) and residual P (Res-P), were quantified, respectively. Di erent hydrodynamic conditions resulted in di erent P form changes. Four states could be ascribed: (1) P desorption by sediment and SPM, and P adsorption by overlying water; (2) P desorption by SPM, and P adsorption by overlying water; (3) P adsorption by SPM, and P desorption by overlying water; and (4) P equilibrium between SPM and overlying water. The contents of P in overlying water acquired peak values in the middle position of the vertical P distribution due to the combined actions of SPM and sediment. P fractions in SPM were in the following order: BD-P > NaOH-nrp > Ca-P > Al-P > Res-P > NH4Cl-P. BD-P in SPM frequently exchanged with P forms in overlying water. Resuspension was favorable to forming Ca-P in SPM.     

水质环境条件对恒流超滤过程的影响研究

研究了用聚丙烯腈中空纤维超滤膜组件净化含腐殖酸类有机物模拟废水的恒流膜过程,考察了水中的Ca2+浓度、离子强度、pH值等水质环境条件对超滤膜过滤性能的影响。试验结果表明,增加水中Ca2+浓度,增大溶液离子强度,以及降低pH值均能增大跨膜压差的增加速率;增加水中Ca2+浓度和降低pH值的效果较明显。Ca2+、离子强度变化基本不影响有机污染物的去除率,而pH值的升高降低了膜对水中有机污染物的去除率。     

北京地区泥石流灾害的发育特征及预报方法探讨

通过认真研究北京地区泥石流的发育特征,深入分析了泥石流的形成条件和影响因素,并在此基础上对北京地区泥石流预报方法进行了初步探讨,建立了综合考虑地形地貌、地质条件、土壤类型以及降雨情况等因素的判断公式,并就北京地区泥石流预报方法提出了建议.