基于贝叶斯网络的非正常情况下高铁行车调度人因可靠性分析

行车调度子系统在整个高铁运输系统中处于关键位置,虽然行车调度大多已经采用了信息化、自动化的作业程序,但发生设备故障、交通事故、自然灾害等非正常情况时,很多具体的作业组织和管理仍需行车调度作业人员的参与.提出了一种基于贝叶斯网络考虑情境环境因子交互关系的人因可靠性分析方法,以某铁路局的人因失误数据统计表为学习样本,推理出行车调度作业人员工作中存在的主要问题.结果表明,“完成任务的可用时间”、“培训”及“人员配置”的节点状态变化会对作业人员的可靠性产生很大影响.最后,以高铁行车调度人员在某种特定情境状态下的实际作业为例进行了实证研究.研究表明,所建立的方法正确可靠,能够准确、高效地辨识人因可靠性.     

场地地震反应分析研究现状及展望∗

场地条件对结构震害的影响已成公认的事实,如何定量的进行场地地震反应分析成为地震工程学中亟待解决的问题之一,而在场地地震反应分析中确定地震动输入至关重要。针对场地条件和地震动输入对场地地震反应的具体影响、场地地震反应分析方法等方面的研究现状进行了系统总结。已有研究表明,场地条件和地震动输入对场地地震反应分析结果有显著影响。但目前仍存在的问题有:在冻土区进行场地地震反应分析时未充分考虑冻土层的影响效应;缺乏合理的地震动模型来准确描述实际地震动;尚未明确地震波入射角度对场地地震反应的影响规律;目前广泛使用的等效线性化方法不能完全反应土体在地震动作用下的真实运动状态而使其计算结果不尽合理。结合以上问题对还需进一步研究的内容进行了展望,为场地地震反应分析未来的研究工作提供参考。     

Kinetic analysis and bacterium metabolization of α-pinene by a novel identified Pseudomonas sp. strain

Biodegradation has become a popular alternative remediation technology for its economic and ecological advantages. An aerobic bacterium (strain ZW) capable of degrading αup-pinene was isolated from a biofilter by a selective enrichment. Based on the 16S rRNA gene analysis and physiochemical properties, this strain was identified as Pseudomonas veronii. Under the optimized condition achieved by the response surface methodology (RSM), as well as pH 6.82, temperature 26.3\textcelsius and NaCl concentration 1.36%, almost 100% αup-pinene could be removed within 45 hr. Enzymatic biodegradation by the crude intracellular enzyme could be described well by the Michaelis-Menten model in which the maximum degradation rate V_max and the half-saturation constant K_m were calculated to be 0.431 mmol/(L. min) and 0.169 mmol/L, respectively. Activity assay of catechol suggested that the strain ZW possessed a catechol-1,2-dioxygenase and could decompose benzene-ring through ortho ring cleavage. Based on the identified intermediates by GC/MS, a new metabolic pathway was proposed, in which the final metabolites were some simpler organic and inorganic compounds. The present work demonstrated that the strain ZW would have a great application prospect for the remediation of αup-pinene-contaminated environment.     

环境保护设施竣工验收监测实际工作问题探讨

建设项目环境保护设施竣工验收监测过程大致可分为现场勘察、编写监测方案、现场监测和监测报告的编写等4个阶段。结合工作实际对各阶段经常出现的问题及工作重点展开探讨,为环保治理设施的验收监测提供经验借鉴。     

典型室内公共场所中CO_2的污染特征分析

选取典型的室内公共场所,按照室内空气检测标准进行布点采样,检测这些场所的C02浓度及采样时的温度、湿度及空气流速结果发现,商场内C02浓度基本都在标准限值内,超市内C02浓度超标严重,且C02分布与超市内采样层区之间无明显的相关性。其它类型场所C02分布各有差异,但浓度值基本在标准限度值上下浮动统计结果:公共场所内影响C02浓度的主要原因是空气流速与人群密度的大小空气流速越快,C02浓度越低;人群密度越大,C02浓度越高此外,根据,James L Repace理论进行分析发现,各类公共场所空气交换状况均较差,存在威胁人们健康的风险。     

Determination of the performance limits of flame arresters at increased oxygen concentrations

This investigation shows how an increased oxygen concentration influences the performance limits of crimped ribbon deflagration flame arresters at elevated pressures. An evaluation of the maximum experimental safe gap (MESG) as reliable criterion for describing the performance limits under non-atmospheric conditions is given. Measurements of MESGs and flame arrester performance tests were performed. Various fuel/oxygen/air mixtures containing ethylene and propane were used as testing gases. Former studies on the pressure dependence and the influence of oxygen on the MESG were initially confirmed. Furthermore, performance tests using a commercial deflagration flame arrester revealed that such a flame arrester may prevent flame transmission also at non-atmospheric conditions within a limited range. For various oxygen concentrations the performance limits were reached at the same MESG. Hence, it can be assumed that a flame arrester possesses a device- and fuel-specific maximum experimental safe gap for a specific gas mixture in different concentrations and at different pressures. This performance-related maximum safe gap can be used as a parameter for estimating and describing the performance limits of a flame arrester. It offers an attempt to simplify the testing and qualification of deflagration flame arresters for non-atmospheric conditions.     

厌氧消化器启动条件的试验研究

本试验分种泥选择、启用条件研究和验证试验三步骤。把试验中的产气量作为有机物降解程度的参数指标。结果表明,消化器启动时的优化工艺条件为:消化污泥与浓缩污泥按1∶1混合;废水稀释0.8倍;启动起始负荷为0.25kgCOD/kgVSS.d;相应体积负荷为3kgCOD_(cr)/m~3·d;废水厌氧发酵的最佳pH6.8—7.4。     

汽车简易工况法与新车排放认证工况法的相关性研究

选取50辆在用轻型汽油车,对国家标准规定的瞬态工况法(IM195)、简易瞬态工况法(IG195)、稳态工况法(ASM)与新车排放认证工况法(NEDC)间污染物排放系数的相关性进行研究.结果表明:瞬态工况法与新车排放认证工况法的污染物排放系数相关性最好,CO,碳氢化合物(HC)和NO的排放系数的R〖WTBZ〗2分别为0.701 0,0.727 1和0.6609;简易瞬态工况法次之,其CO,HC和NO 排放系数与新车排放认证工况法的R2分别为0.513 8,0.484 6和0.624 5;而稳态工况法与新车排放认证工况法的相关性最差,5025工况法下的CO,HC和NO 排放系数与新车排放认证工况法的R〖WTBZ〗2分别为0.410 9,0.448 1和0.5449;2540工况法下R〖WTBZ〗2分别仅为0.364 4,0.339 5和0.457 8.引起不同方法间污染物排放系数相关性差异的主要原因包括车辆热状态、车辆试验循环工况、分析仪器的测量原理和底盘测功机的控制精度等.      

An integrated river basin-coast-sea modelling scenario for nitrogen management in coastal waters

Linked river basin and coastal water models were applied to analyse the effects of an optimal nitrogen management scenario in the Oder/Odra river basin on water quality in the Oder (Szczecin) Lagoon and the Pomeranian Bay (Baltic Sea). This scenario would reduce nitrogen loads into the coastal waters by about 35%, a level which is similar to the load of the late 1960’s. During summer the primary production and algae biomass in the Oder estuary is limited by nitrogen, which makes a nitrogen management reasonable. The comparison of the late 1960’s and the mid 1990’s shows that an optimal nitrogen management has positive effects on coastal water quality and algae biomass. However, this realistic nitrogen reduction scenario would not ensure a good coastal water quality according to the European Water Framework Directive. A good water quality in the river will not be sufficient to ensure a good water quality in the lagoon. Nitrogen load reductions bear the risk of increased potentially toxic, blue-green algae blooms, especially in the Baltic coastal sea. However, to reach water quality improvements in lagoons and inner coastal waters, nitrogen cuts are necessary. A mere focus on phosphorus is not sufficient.     

Interaction between sorption and biodegradation processes in the contaminant transport

The main goal of this work is to examine in detail the equilibrium and non-equilibrium sorption in a multiple species contaminant transport system undergoing multiplicative Monod biodegradation kinetics, which characterizes a scenario of subsurface contamination by organic contaminants. Mathematically, the problem is given by a nonlinear advection-diffusion-reaction partial differential system coupled by the reaction terms, associated with the biodegradation process. A new operator splitting approach is proposed for treating in a sequential fashion the convective-diffusive and reactive terms. A predictor-multicorrector algorithm with Newton–Raphson and stabilized finite element (streamline-upwind Petrov-Galerkin, SUPG) methods is used in the time and spatial discretizations, respectively. Numerical results illustrate the good applicability of the present approach, corroborating the well-known observation nonlinear physical and biological processes should be inserted in the model that to better predict the contamination scenarios.