Doses of external exposure in Jordan house due to gamma-emitting natural radionuclides in building materials

The use of building materials containing naturally occurring radionuclides as ⁴⁰K, ²³²Th, and ²³⁸U and their progeny results in external exposures of the residents of such buildings. In the present study, indoor dose rates for a typical Jordan concrete room are calculated using Monte Carlo method. Uniform chemical composition of the walls, floor and ceiling as well as uniform mass concentrations of the radionuclides in walls, floor and ceiling are assumed.Using activity concentrations of natural radionuclides typical for the Jordan houses and assuming them to be in secular equilibrium with their progeny, the maximum annual effective doses are estimated to be 0.16, 0.12 and 0.22 mSv a⁻¹ for ⁴⁰K, ²³²Th- and ²³⁸U-series, respectively. In a total, the maximum annual effective indoor dose due to external γ-radiation is 0.50 mSv a⁻¹. Additionally, organ dose coefficients are calculated for all organs considered in ICRP Publication 74. Breast, skin and eye lenses have the maximum equivalent dose rate values due to indoor exposures caused by the natural radionuclides, while equivalent dose rates for uterus, colon (LLI) and small intestine are found to be the smallest. More specifically, organ dose rates (nSv a⁻¹ per Bq kg⁻¹) vary from 0.044 to 0.060 for ⁴⁰K, from 0.44 to 0.60 for radionuclides from ²³⁸U-series and from 0.60 to 0.81 for radionuclides from ²³²Th-series.The obtained organ and effective dose conversion coefficients can be conveniently used in practical dose assessment tasks for the rooms of similar geometry and varying activity concentrations and local-specific occupancy factors.     

Influence of temperature and soil type on the toxicity of three pesticides to Eisenia andrei

Expansion of agriculture in the tropics has increased the use of pesticides that may affect the soil ecosystems. Few studies so far determined the effects of pesticides in the tropics and tropical risk assessment therefore often relies on data from temperate conditions. Hence we compared the toxicity of chlorpyrifos, carbofuran and carbendazim to the earthworm Eisenia andrei at two different temperatures reflecting temperate and tropical conditions. The toxicity of the three pesticides in both conditions decreased in the order carbendazim > carbofuran > chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos and carbofuran, but not for carbendazim, survival was more sensitive at the higher temperature, probably due to increased earthworm activity. Sub-lethal effects (reproduction and growth) however, varied inconsistently with temperature and soil types. We conclude that toxicity of pesticides in tropics may not be predicted from data generated under temperate conditions, even within the same species.     

利用糖蜜废水生产微生物絮凝剂及条件优化和效果实验研究

用糖蜜废水取代葡萄糖作为发酵培养基中的碳源和能源培养微生物絮凝剂产生菌Pseudomonas alcaligenesPS-25。通过单因素试验和正交试验得到该菌株产絮凝剂的最佳培养条件:糖蜜废水COD浓度5 000 mg/L、培养基初始pH值6.5、接种量5%(体积比)、温度30℃、培养时间为72 h、摇床转速160 r/min,在此条件下,PS-25所产絮凝剂对高岭土悬浊液絮凝率达96.75%,并且对多种废水都有较好的净化效果,对废水中浊度和色度的去除率分别在90%和80%以上,COD去除率在73.60%～91.10%。研究表明,用糖蜜废水培养PS-25生产微生物絮凝剂处理废水是完全可行的,从而实现废物的资源化利用。     

Indoor radon distribution of subway stations in a Korean major city

The overall survey on indoor radon concentration was conducted at all subway stations in a major city, Daejeon in the central part of Korea. It was quarterly performed from September 2007 to August 2008. The annual arithmetic mean of indoor radon concentration of all the stations was 34.1 ± 14.7 Bq m⁻³, and the range of values was from 9.4 to 98.2 Bq m⁻³. The radon concentrations in groundwater (average 31.0 ± 0.8 Bq m⁻³) were not significantly high in most stations, but the concentration (177.9 ± 2.3 Bq L⁻¹) of one station was over the level of 148 Bq L⁻¹ in drinking water proposed by U.S. EPA. Based on indoor survey results, the approximate average of the annual effective dose by radon inhalation to the employees and passengers were 0.24 mSv y⁻¹, and 0.02 mSv y⁻¹, respectively. Although the effective dose based on the UNSCEAR report was potentially estimated, for more accurate assessment, the additional survey on the influence by indoor radon will be necessary.     

Relationship between deposition and attachment rates in Jacobi room model

It is shown in this work that parameters of the Jacobi model, which describes behavior of short-lived radon progeny, are not independent. The relationship between deposition rate of attached radon progeny and attachment rate of their unattached fraction was determined in this paper. It was found that deposition rate increases when the attachment rate is smaller; this effect is more pronounced for larger friction velocity. The deposition rate of attached radon progeny is presented here as a function of friction velocity, ventilation and attachment rate. Deposition rate of attached fraction was estimated in the range 0.012-0.46 h⁻¹, when attachment rate varies from 10 h⁻¹ to 100 h⁻¹.     

责任分配抑或权利确认:流域生态补偿适用条件之辨析

当前有关流域生态补偿的研究和实践探索,均倾向于从责任分配视角来设定流域生态补偿的适用条件。然而,从责任分配视角来界定流域生态补偿之适用条件面临着诸多困境。以水质控制目标作为适用条件的地方立法和以超过Ⅲ类水质标准作为流域生态补偿适用条件之观点,均限缩了流域生态补偿的适用范围,导致了补偿义务主体与受偿主体之间法律关系的混乱,并背离了流域生态补偿的本质和基本功能预设。无论从流域生态补偿的功能定位出发,还是基于该制度构建的正当性基础和可行性考量,均应从权利确认而非责任分配视角来明晰流域生态补偿之适用条件。首先,流域生态补偿的基本功能是流域生态利益正向供给激励,受偿主体的权利确认与保障是这一制度构建的重心。从责任分配的角度来界定流域生态补偿之适用条件,将导致其基本功能的偏离;其次,"最少受惠者的最大利益"原则是流域生态补偿制度构建的正当性基础,流域生态补偿的本质是对"最少受惠者"发展权的弥补。从责任分配视角界定流域生态补偿之适用条件遮蔽了流域生态补偿法律关系中的"最少受惠者";再次,受益主体的非特定性意味着从权利确认视角来界定流域生态补偿之适用条件将更具有可行性。从权利确认视角来看,流域生态补偿的适用条件应包括:有生态增益行为、非有责主体、不问主观动机与现实损害后果。     

云南省冰冻灾害气象条件及风险评估——基于模糊信息分配方法的研究

利用1959—2008年云南省125个气象站的逐日资料,采用模糊信息分配方法和三分段法进行了雨、雾淞(冰冻)天气发生的气象条件研究;基于模糊信息分配和超越极限概率法进行了云南冰冻灾害气候风险评估和风险区划研究。结果表明:模糊信息分配方法用于概率密度估计,可减少分析、评估误差,且不需要假定数列总体概率分布函数,就能得出较为接近实际概率密度分布的分析和评估结果;雨、雾淞(冰冻)出现当日最低气温≤1℃的气候概率达99.8%,最低气温≤1℃是出现雨、雾淞(冰冻)天气的阈值;当温度条件达到时,微量以上降水、日照时数≤1 h、日平均相对湿度大于80%是出现雨、雾淞(冰冻)的阈值。云南省大部分地区(96个站,占全省总站数的77%)没有出现冰冻灾害的风险,无风险的区域分布在云南省的中、西部和南部地区;冰冻灾害风险较大的是滇东北和滇东地区,其中有12个站累积概率值在50%～100%之间,有年年出现或2年1遇的气候风险,风险较大,特别是镇雄、鲁甸2个县的概率值为100%,有年年出现冰冻灾害的气候风险,风险很大。     

芘降解菌DY-1的条件优化及降解动力学特性分析

选用已筛选出以芘为唯一碳源的假单胞菌DY-1(Pseudomonas sp.)作为芘降解菌,采用摇瓶振荡培养方法,研究了不同环境条件对菌DY-1降解芘效率的影响以及降解动力学特性。结果表明,在含芘50 mg/L的条件下培养9 d,降解率达83.2%。最适宜温度为30℃,pH值为7.5,摇床转速为120 r/min,接种量为1.5 mL;在不同培养条件下芘的降解符合一级动力学模型;低浓度Zn2+,Cd2+,Cr6+的存在对芘降解效果影响较小,Cu2+,Pb2+对芘的降解有较强的毒性;加入低浓度有机物质,蔗糖可提高DY-1芘的降解;低浓度萘或蒽的存在可促进芘的降解。     

Tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in indoor air and dust from Stockholm microenvironments 2: indoor sources and human exposure

Data on polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) concentrations from Stockholm, Sweden, indoor microenvironments were combined with information from detailed questionnaires regarding the sampling location characteristics, including furnishing and equipment present. These were used to elucidate relationships between possible flame-retarded sources and the contaminant concentrations found in air and dust. Median concentration ranges of ΣPenta-, ΣOcta-, ΣDecaBDE and HBCD from all microenvironments were 19-570, 1.7-280, 29-3200 and < 1.6-2 pg/m³ in air and 22-240, 6.1-80, 330-1400 and 45-340 ng/g in dust, respectively. Significant correlations were found between concentrations of some PBDEs and HBCD in air and/or dust and the presence of electronic/electrical devices, foam furniture, PUF mattresses and synthetic bed pillows in, as well as floor area and construction year of the microenvironment. Car interiors were a source to indoor air in dealership halls. Using median and maximum concentrations of ΣPenta-, ΣOcta-, ΣDecaBDE and HBCD in air and dust, adult and toddler (12-24 months) intakes from inhalation and dust ingestion were estimated. Toddlers had higher estimated intakes of ΣPenta-, ΣDecaBDE and HBCD (7.8, 43, 7.6 ng/d, respectively) from dust ingestion than adults (5.8, 38, 6.0 ng/d, respectively). Air inhalation in offices was also an important exposure pathway for ΣPenta-, ΣOcta- and ΣDecaBDE in adults. For ΣPentaBDE and HBCD, air inhalation and dust ingestion play minor roles when compared to previously published Swedish dietary intakes (median exposures). However, in worst case scenarios using maximum concentrations, dust ingestion may represent 77 and 95% of toddler intake for ΣPentaBDE and HBCD, respectively.     

简青霉降解秸秆条件最优化和诱导剂的作用

实验中采用简青霉对稻草秸秆进行降解作用,通过正交实验的极差、三因素三水平作用趋势图和降解选择性分析,对影响简青霉降解稻草秸秆的3种因素进行了优化,得到培养温度40℃、含水率80%、培养pH为8是降解的最佳固态发酵培养条件。并研究了碱木质素对简青霉分泌木质素降解酶的诱导作用,不同浓度的碱木质素对简青霉产酶的诱导作用不同,且对不同酶的诱导效果也不同,最后得到较低浓度0.5和1 g/L是诱导的适宜浓度。对比较适浓度的碱木质素和常用的诱导剂愈创木酚、吐温80的诱导作用,发现在同样的培养条件下,碱木质素的诱导效果比愈创木酚和吐温80效果都好。