Performance of an overland flow system for advanced treatment of wastewater plant effluent

Overland flow (OF) systems were evaluated and compared for advanced treatment of municipal and industrial effluents, including nutrients and nondegradable chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. Three pilot plants were constructed at the Shahin Shahr Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), Isfahan, Iran. Each pilot was assigned a specific wastewater and all were simultaneously operated for 8 months. Treatment of primary effluent, activated sludge secondary effluent, and lagoon effluent of textile wastewater was investigated at application rates (ARs) of 0.15, 0.25, and 0.35m(3)m(-1)h(-1). During 5 months of stable operation after a 3-month acclimation period, mean removals of total 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (TBOD(5)), total COD (TCOD), total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and turbidity were 74.5%, 54.8%, 66.2%, 39.4%, 35.8%, and 67.7% for primary effluent; 52.9%, 52.9%, 66.5%, 44.4%, 39.8%, and 50.1% for activated sludge effluent; 65.7%, 58.7%, 70.3%, 41.7%, 41.3%, and 54.9% for textile wastewater lagoon effluent, respectively. The model of Smith and Schroeder, 1985. Field studies of the overland flow process for the treatment of raw and primary treated municipal wastewater. Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation 57, 785-794] was satisfactory for TBOD(5). For all treatment parameters a standard first-order removal model was inadequate to represent the data but a modified first-order model provided a satisfactory fit to the data. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that an OF system as advanced treatment had the ability to meet effluent discharge permit limits and was an economical replacement for stabilization ponds and mechanical treatment options.     

Evaluation of Dairy Effluent Management Options Using Multiple Criteria Analysis

This article describes how options for managing dairy effluent on the Lower Murray River in South Australia were evaluated using multiple criteria analysis (MCA). Multiple criteria analysis is a framework for combining multiple environmental, social, and economic objectives in policy decisions. At the time of the study, dairy irrigation in the region was based on flood irrigation which involved returning effluent to the river. The returned water contained nutrients, salts, and microbial contaminants leading to environmental, human health, and tourism impacts. In this study MCA was used to evaluate 11 options against 6 criteria for managing dairy effluent problems. Of the 11 options, the MCA model selected partial rehabilitation of dairy paddocks with the conversion of remaining land to other agriculture. Soon after, the South Australian Government adopted this course of action and is now providing incentives for dairy farmers in the region to upgrade irrigation infrastructure and/or enter alternative industries.     

Measurement of machinery safety level in the European market: A real case based on market surveillance data

This article aims to highlight the current status of compliance to Machinery Directive 98/37/EC (transposed to Spanish regulation as RD 56/1995, of 20th January) (a new directive numbered as 2006/42/EC [Directive 2006/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 may 2006 on machinery, and amending Directive 95/16/EC (recast). OJ L157/24-86, 9.6.2006.], that recasts and replaced 98/37/ED directive and its amendments, came into force on 29 June 2006; it will not be applied until 29th December 2009. European Member States have a lead-time of two years to adopt and publish the national laws and regulations transposing the provisions of the new Directive into national law. Latest 10th October, Spain transposed Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC to national regulation as Real Decreto 1644/2008 [Real Decreto 1644/2008, de 10 de octubre, por el que se establecen las normas para la comercialización y puesta en servicio de las máquinas. BOE 246/2008, de 11 octubre 2008. Páginas 40995–41030]) of a particular family of machinery (hand-held, medium and small-size, deeply introduced in the market, of low-medium cost), that any user, professional or non-professional, can acquire as first-hand in any of the sales points (whether or not experts in these kind of products).At the same time, it emphasises the most significant shortcomings and non-conformities found, after analyzing the results of five consecutive Campaigns of Control of Industrial Products performed by one of the labs (placed in Spain) involved in the market surveillance European Program.     

Sustainable engineering education in the United States

Sustainable engineering is a conceptual and practical challenge to all engineering disciplines. Although the profession has experience with environmental dimensions of engineering activities that in some cases are quite deep, extending the existing body of practice to sustainable engineering by including social and cultural domains is a significant and non-trivial challenge. Nonetheless, progress is being made, as a recent study undertaken by the Center for Sustainable Engineering in the United States demonstrates.

上向流好气滤池冬季挂膜启动及运行参数探讨

好气滤池同时具有普通滤池和曝气生物滤池的优点,能对二级出水中的COD、氨氮和浊度等指标进一步去除,提高再生水水质。试验探讨了冬季好气滤池的挂膜启动方法和运行参数,提出采用逐渐增加流量到设计流量的自然挂膜法,同时提出运行采用上向流;滤速1 m/h;气水比采用（1～3）∶1;填料填充高度与滤料直径有关;出水水头损失增加到1 m作为过滤周期的终点;适宜的冲洗强度冲洗滤池后,4 h内能恢复到滤池反冲洗前的处理状态。冬季低温条件延长了好气滤池的挂膜启动时间,但不影响挂膜质量;为保证出水质量,对好气滤池的运行滤速要通过试验确定。     

滤布滤池强化处理城市二级出水中试研究

采用滤布滤池对南方某城市污水处理厂二级出水进行强化处理中试研究,以达到中水回用的目的。实验选用氯化铁(FeCl₃)、聚合氯化铝铁（PAFC）和聚合氯化铝（PAC）作为强化滤布滤池除磷效果的混凝剂。当不投加混凝剂时,滤布滤池对TP和COD的平均去除率为28.76%和8%,其中TP的去除效果受进水水质影响较大;当投加氯化铁、聚合氯化铝铁与聚合氯化铝强化滤布滤池时,滤布滤池对TP的平均去除率分别为63.58%、60.13%和66.94%,TP去除效果受进水水质影响较小;对SS的平均去除率分别为70.7%、64.3%和49.1%;对COD平均去除率分别为17.7%、26.3%和27.7%。滤布滤池对TN和NH₃-N去除效果不稳定。     

复合絮凝剂对工业废水氨氮测定的预处理

针对带色浊度高的工业废水中氨氮测定的预处理,提出了使用硫酸铝和聚丙烯酰胺复合絮凝沉淀法,试验结果表明,方法不仅具有操作简单,试剂用量少,絮凝效果好,去色,去浊度高,且对ｐＨ５－ｐＨ１０是各种带色浊度高的废水都能起到良好的效果,还能提高测定的精密度,其变异系数为１．５％－３．６％,回收率在９５％－１０４％之间,确保数据的准确和可靠。     

聚硅酸铁混凝剂净水效能及机理

采用共聚法制备聚硅酸铁(PSF)混凝剂,同时研究PSF的水解规律,并对比研究PSF与复合铝铁(PFA)的微观品质及对低温低浊水、屠宰废水及含磷模拟水的混凝性能,并初步探讨PSF除磷(或除有机物)的机理.结果表明,混凝剂混凝性能的优劣取决于其微观性质,而PSF独特的微观特征正是其具有优异混凝性能的根本原因.不同pH值对P(或有机物)与PSF之间的络合模式具有不同的影响,3种水解形态Fe(OH)2 、Fe3 及Fe(OH)3在宽泛的pH范围内(5＜pH＜9.5)稳定存在并基本均为定值,这些可能都是PSF在宽泛的近中性范围内及碱性范围内具有优异除磷、除有机物性能的重要原因.可以认为PSF的混凝机理是以电中和(配位)/脱稳为前提条件,以架桥为必要条件,以卷扫网捕为补充条件.     

苏州高新区静脉产业循环经济发展的对策

以循环经济3R原则的理念,剖析了苏州高新区静脉产业存在的问题。深入分析了苏州高新区静脉产业发展循环经济的对策。为其按循环经济的规律运行作了有益的探索,也为其循环经济的顺利开展提供了科学依据。     

制浆造纸废水生物强化技术研究进展

制浆造纸废水是国内外公认的难处理的工业废水之一,文章介绍了生物强化技术在制浆造纸废水中的应用现状,在分析中,主要从生物强化技术、固定化微生物技术和环境生物制剂等方面,总结了制剂造纸废水生物强化技术的研究进展,并讨论了今后的研究方向。