膜-生物反应器中溶解性微生物产物的研究进展

本文就膜 -生物反应器中溶解性微生物产物的生成特性及其影响的研究进展进行了总结。在膜 -生物反应器中 ,膜的高效固液分离作用在提高系统容积负荷和出水水质的同时 ,也使生物反应器成为一个相对封闭的系统。以腐殖质、多糖、蛋白质等物质为主要成分的溶解性微生物产物是生物处理出水中溶解性TOC或COD的主要组成部分 ,主要产生于微生物的基质分解过程和内源呼吸过程 ,其高分子物质的含量较多且可生物降解性较差 ,因此 ,在膜 -生物反应器中会出现积累。溶解性微生物产物的过高积累不仅有可能降低膜过滤出水的水质稳定性 ,而且有可能影响污泥活性 ,并引起膜污染。进水浓度和污泥浓度是影响溶解性微生物产物产生量的重要因素。目前有关膜 -生物反应器中溶解性微生物产物的研究还很不完善 ,有很多问题需进一步研究     

天津滨海工业区土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源分析

采集天津滨海工业区38个表层土壤样品,利用GC/MS分析技术,研究了土壤中16种优控多环芳烃的含量和组分特征,运用主成分因子载荷方法分析了其污染来源,并初步评价了其风险水平.结果表明,该区域内94.7%土壤已被污染,其中重污染土壤占39.5%,最高污染样点PAHs含量高达5991.7 ng·g-1,平均含量为1148.1 ng·g-1,且城区土壤残留水平明显高于乡村土壤;PAHs的组分特征为以毒性水平较高的高环化合物为主;其污染来源主要是煤、天然气和汽油燃烧组成的混合源.     

聚硅酸铁混凝剂净水效能及机理

采用共聚法制备聚硅酸铁(PSF)混凝剂,同时研究PSF的水解规律,并对比研究PSF与复合铝铁(PFA)的微观品质及对低温低浊水、屠宰废水及含磷模拟水的混凝性能,并初步探讨PSF除磷(或除有机物)的机理.结果表明,混凝剂混凝性能的优劣取决于其微观性质,而PSF独特的微观特征正是其具有优异混凝性能的根本原因.不同pH值对P(或有机物)与PSF之间的络合模式具有不同的影响,3种水解形态Fe(OH)2 、Fe3 及Fe(OH)3在宽泛的pH范围内(5＜pH＜9.5)稳定存在并基本均为定值,这些可能都是PSF在宽泛的近中性范围内及碱性范围内具有优异除磷、除有机物性能的重要原因.可以认为PSF的混凝机理是以电中和(配位)/脱稳为前提条件,以架桥为必要条件,以卷扫网捕为补充条件.     

城市污水中典型卤代苯酚分布及其光降解行为研究

卤代苯酚(HPs)是一类广泛存在于水体中的污染物,其在污水处理厂出水中的存在及迁移转化会产生一定的健康和生态风险。探究卤代苯酚在环境中的转化行为非常重要。光降解反应是酚类物质在水体中迁移转化的重要途径,实际水体中的有机质等对卤代苯酚的光降解会产生一定的影响。对大连市区6家污水处理厂出水中卤代苯酚的污染状况进行了调查,结果显示在所有出水中总HPs的浓度范围为77.2~168.6 ng·L-1。在所有检出的卤代苯酚中,五氯酚和2,6-二氯酚浓度较高,且检出频率均为100%,检出浓度范围分别为10.8~166.7 ng·L-1和0.1~72.2 ng·L-1。在模拟太阳光照射条件下,选取2种氯酚和2种溴酚研究它们在污水样品与纯水中光降解行为,从卤原子取代的程度和种类两方面对不同卤代苯酚光降解的规律进行类比,分析了其光降解特性。此外,对比分析了不同污水厂出水的对同种卤代苯酚降解速率的影响,发现出水的p H值、溶解性有机质等因素,都可能影响卤代苯酚的光降解。     

Estrogenic Effects of Effluents from Sewage Treatment Works

The occurrence of hermaphrodite fish in the lagoons of sewage treatment works led us to hypothesize that sewage effluent might contain a substance, or substances, estrogenic to fish. to test this hypothesis, we placed cages containing rainbow trout in the effluent from sewage-treatment works, and one to three weeks later measured the vitellogenin concentration in the plasma of the fish. Vitellogenin is a protein synthesized by the liver of oviparous fish in response to estradiol stimulation; it is then conveyed by the blood to the ovary, where it is sequestered by oocytes to form the yolk. Thus, the presence of vitellogenin in the plasma is indicative of estrogenic stimulation of the liver. an initial study, at a sewage-treatment works, showed that plasma vitellogenin concentrations rose rapidly and very markedly (over 1000-fold in three weeks) when trout were maintained in the effluent. an extensive nationwide survey was then conducted. Results were obtained from fifteen sewage-treatment works distributed throughout England. in all cases, exposure of trout to effluent resulted in a very pronounced increase (500 to 100,000-fold, depending on site) in the plasma vitellogenin concentration. Induction of vitellogenesis was also observed in carp, but to a much lesser extent than in trout.

The identity of the estrogenic substance is unknown. It is suggested that the two most likely possibilities are ethynylestradiol, originating from pharmaceutical use, or alkylphenol-ethoxylates (APE), originating from the biodegradation of surfactants and detergents during sewage treatment.

Laboratory studies on the potency of ethynylestradiol demonstrated that levels as low as 1 to 10 ng 1^-1 could generate the response shown by the caged fish and that positive responses may arise at 0.1 to 0.5 ng 1^-1. Further work is in progress on the potency of APE.     

Startup and operation of anaerobic EGSB reactor treating palm oil mill effluent

A bench-scale expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor was applied to the treatment of palm oil mill ettluent (POME).The reactor had been operated continuously at 35℃ for 514 d,with organic loading rate (OLR) increased from 1.45 to 17.5 kg COD/(m3·d).The results showed that the EGSB reactor had good performance in terms of COD removal on the one hand,high COD removal of 91% Was obtained at two days’ of hydraulic retention time (HRT),and the highest OLR of 17.5 kg COD/(m3·d).On the other hand,only 46% COD in raw POME Was transformed into biogas in which the methane content was about 70% (v/v).A 30-d intermittent experiment indicated that the maximum transformation potential of organic matter in raw POME into methane Was 56%.Volatile fatty acid (VFA) accumulation was observed in the later operation stage,and this Was settled by supplementing trace metal elements.On the whole,the system exhibited good stability in terms of acidity and alkalinity.Finally, the operational problems inherent in the laboratory scale experiment and the corresponding countermeasures were also discussed.     

工业废水中锑污染物排放标准制定的原则与依据

通过对我国不同工艺、不同规模涉锑企业生产工艺、治理现状进行调查并对不同生产环节排放废水锑浓度监测的基础上,结合区域环境背景值和环境目标的可达性等方面进行分析论证,得出涉锑企业外排废水中锑的标准值为0.5mg/L。研究发现,本标准制定的主要依据除了治理技术的可达性和经济性外,其纳污水体下游饮用水源地水质达到GB5749-2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》规定限值也是一个重要的约束条件。     

多元线性回归-分光光度法测定电镀排放废水中重金属

采用多元线性回归-分光光度法进行电镀排放废水中Cr³⁺、Ni²⁺、Zn²⁺的同时测定研究。以4-(2-吡啶偶氮)间苯二酚(PAR)为显色剂,探索了同时测定模拟电镀废水中Cr³⁺、Ni²⁺、Zn²⁺的实验方法,建立多元线性回归模型。根据实际电镀排放废水中Cr³⁺、Ni²⁺、Zn²⁺的质量浓度分布调查结果,设计了测定较低和较高浓度范围2种模型,分别对应不同水质波动程度的电镀企业废水,前者浓度范围设置基本覆盖大多数实际电镀排放废水中Cr³⁺、Ni²⁺、Zn²⁺的浓度,且具有较高精度。测定浓度范围较小模型对应水质波动较小的电镀排放废水,模型中Cr³⁺、Ni²⁺、Zn²⁺的质量浓度分别为0.32～0.44、0.32～0.50、0.72～0.84 mg/L,平均相对误差MR...     

Water pollution footprints induced by industrial import and export in China

With the rapid development of foreign trade in China, industrial import and export has been an absolute subject in recent years. The huge trade surplus of import and export trade of industrial products brings not only high profits, but also pollution costs as well. Based on the concept of water pollution footprints (WPFs), this study applies the input-output method and calculates pollutant-producing coefficients of 20 major industrial sectors in China and investigates the WPFs caused by the import and export trades of these industrial sectors. The research results show that WPF resulting from exports exceeds that of imports from 2011 to 2015 in China. The net inflow of pollution footprint is mainly from paper mills, printing and stationery manufacturing, and textile industry; whereas a great number of WPFs are transferred to other countries by these sectors, such as metal mining and dressing industry and oil and natural gas exploitation industry.     

Detection of dioxygenase genes present in various activated sludge

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Activated sludge from refineries contains various microorganisms that could utilize aromatics under aerobic conditions due to the oxygenase enzymes. Dioxygenase enzymes are oxygenases, which are involved in the ring cleavage step of aromatic hydrocarbons. In this study, the selected catabolic loci involved in ring cleavage have been monitored in the activated sludge samples at different time intervals. The investigation of the dioxygenase genes in the Effluent Treatment Plants (ETPs) and evaluation of their presence at different time points provides a clue for the aromatic utilizing potential of the inherent microbial flora. METHODS: The catabolic gene loci pheB, xylE, tod-isp, bed and nahG responsible for the enzymes catechol 1,2-dioxygenase, catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, toluene dioxygenase-iron-sulphur protein component, benzene dioxygenase and naphthalene dioxygenase were used respectively. The time dependent change in eubacterial population was demonstrated by the amplification of 16S rDNA product, followed by restriction digestion. The template DNA was obtained from the activated sludge collected from ETPs. The supporting physiological data for the overall performance of sludge was developed using respirometric analysis. The on-site COD and MLSS analysis for ETP was used in final evaluation. The study was carried out with samples collected from three different ETPs and also from a selected ETP at different time intervals. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The respirometric studies were carried out with phenol, catechol, toluene, and naphthalene to arrive at the target genotypes for further study by PCR protocol. The respirometric analysis coupled with the COD and MLSS analysis represented the physiological capacity of the various sludges. Initially, the tracking protocol was optimized by using different sludge samples, which were collected from refineries. The selected genotypes were amplified and their presence has been confirmed using Southern analysis. The gene loci tod-isp, bed and xylE were commonly observed at various time intervals of the sludge from the same source. The gene loci pheB and nahG were found to be relatively rare. CONCLUSION: The 16S rDNA PCR products after restriction digestion produced different DNA fingerprint patterns, suggesting that the microbial community composition was diverse in the three sources. Similarly, the presence of the catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, benzene dioxygenase and toluene dioxygenase genes confirmed the aromatic degrading potential in the various sludges. The probes could not pick the nahG and pheB genes. However, the respirometeric assay suggested that the oxidative capacity to use naphthalene as a substrate exists. RECOMMENDATION AND PERSPECTIVE: Our study of the diversity at various time points from the ETP provided an overview of the shifts of the catabolic composition of the sludge. This also depends on the influential parameters like the incoming pollutant level and the environmental conditions that are prevailing and often changing from time to time. The results of direct DNA extraction and PCR amplification do reflect the relative abundance of a particular catabolic genotype, which could be used to monitor the efficiency of treatment.