基于颗粒流数值方法的岩石压剪破坏细观特征研究

压剪破坏是影响岩体工程安全的主要因素,基于颗粒流程序的伺服控制原理,采用等效晶质模型模拟了粉砂质板岩的压剪破坏过程,通过与室内试验对比验证了其适用性,并从细观角度揭示了岩石在压剪过程中的破坏机理。结果表明:裂纹增长速率与试件压剪过程中经历的弹性、塑性和破坏3个阶段具有相关性;张拉、剪切裂纹呈同步增长趋势,但峰后张拉裂纹增长速率快于剪切裂纹,即试件峰后以张拉破坏为主;随剪切角增大,由沿晶和穿晶断裂向以沿晶断裂为主转变,裂纹数量减小且扩展方向向断裂面集中;穿晶断裂的扩展更容易导致局部失稳,即在宏观上表现为塑性阶段;穿晶裂纹主要沿断裂面扩展、贯通,一定程度上可以抑制断裂面附近较大破裂块体的产生。     

Modelling Dissolved Organic Carbon Turnover in Humic Lake Örträsket, Sweden

The organic carbon balance of a lake with high input of allochthonous organic carbon is modelled integrating physical, chemical and biological processes. The physical model captures the behaviour of real thermal stratification in the lake for different flow situations during the period 1993–1997. The dissolved organic carbon model is based on simulated trajectories of water parcels. By tracking parcels, account is kept of environmental factors such as temperature and radiation as well as DOC quality for each parcel. The DOC concentration shows seasonal variations primarily dependent on inflow. The organic matter degradation (bacterial- and photodegradation) in the lake amounts to 1.5–2.5 mg C l^–1 yr^–1, where photooxidation is responsible for approximately 10%. The estimated DIC production in the lake is large compared to sediment mineralisation and primary production. The main conclusion is that the model with the selected parameterisations of the degradation processes reasonably well describes the DOC dynamics in a forest lake.     

Temperature profile across the combustion zone propagating through an iron particle cloud

Knowledge of the mechanism of combustion zone propagation during dust explosion is of great importance to prevent damage caused by accidental dust explosions. In this study, the temperature profile across the combustion zone propagating through an iron particle cloud is measured experimentally by a thermocouple to elucidate the propagation mechanism. The measured temperature starts to increase slowly at a position about 5 mm ahead of the leading edge of the combustion zone, increases quickly at a position about 3 mm ahead of the leading edge, reaches a maximum value near the end of the combustion zone, and then decreases. As the iron particle concentration increases, the maximum temperature increases at lower concentration, takes a maximum value, and then decreases at higher concentration. The relation between the propagation velocity of the combustion zone and the maximum temperature is also examined. It is found that the propagation velocity has a linear relationship with the maximum temperature. This result suggests that the conductive heat transfer is dominant in the propagation process of the combustion zone through an iron particle cloud.     

Validation of the UK Met. Office’s name model against the ETEX dataset

The ETEX 1 data set has been used to assess the performance of the UK Met Office’s long-range dispersion model NAME. In terms of emergency response modelling the model performed well, successfully predicting the overall spread and timing of the plume across Europe. However, in common with most other models, NAME overpredicted the observed concentrations. This is in contrast with other NAME validation studies which indicate either no significant bias or a tendency to underpredict concentrations. This suggests the reasons for overpredicting are specific to the ETEX situation. Explanations include inadequate vertical diffusion or transport, possible venting by convective activity, and experimental errors. An assessment of a range of advection schemes of varying complexity indicated no clear advantage, at present, in using more sophisticated random walk techniques at long range, a simple diffusion coefficient based scheme providing some of the best results. A brief look is also taken at a simulation of the more problematical ETEX 2 release.     

Polymer and invert emulsifying oil effects upon droplet size spectra of sprays

Abstract

A series of wind tunnel atomization studies were carried out to investigate the effects of polymer and invert suspension oil “drift control adjuvants” upon the droplet size distribution spectra produced by nozzles typically used in aerial and ground based spraying of pesticides. A D8–46 disc and core was used as a typical aerial application nozzle, and an 8003 fan nozzle was used for the ground based sprayers simulation. The droplet size spectra were evaluated in a wind tunnel using a Malvern 2600 laser particle size analyzer immediately upon mixing and at 15 minutes after re‐circulation through a pumping system. The addition of the polymer‐based adjuvants significantly increased the droplet size spectra parameters of the spray cloud, but all the polymer products showed signs of breakdown of their molecular arrangements in the liquid medium, as a result of agitation. The invert suspension oil adjuvant did not change the droplet size spectra markedly, nor did it show signs of breakdown of the internal liquid structure after re‐circulation.     

金属氧化物颗粒/水界面上NOM吸附机制的研究

以腐殖酸作为天然有机物(NOM)的代表,研究了腐殖酸分子在金属氧化物(赤铁矿)颗粒/水界面上的吸附特征,分析了pH值和离子强度对界面吸附配位反应的影响,及它们对赤铁矿颗粒表面吸附密度和团聚体粒径的影响.结果表明,吸附密度随pH值的升高而减少,随离子强度的升高而增大;颗粒团聚体粒径随pH值的升高先增大后减小,随离子强度的升高而增大.pH=4时吸附密度最大,为6.22 mg/m2,但此时团聚体粒径最小;pH=5时吸附密度较小,但团聚体粒径较大;pH=8为配位反应等电点,吸附密度和团聚体粒径均较小;pH=10吸附密度最小,为0.50 mg/m2,团聚体粒径也较小.应用SS/SF混合模型初步分析了赤铁矿颗粒/水界面上腐殖酸分子的吸附构型.当pH值较低时,构型多为链状和环状;当pH值较高时,构型多为扫尾状.离子强度越高,链状和扫尾状构型越多;离子强度越低,环状构型越多.     

鄱阳湖水体颗粒物对3种典型藻类的生长及絮凝作用

研究了鄱阳湖水体颗粒物对3种典型藻类的生长及絮凝作用.以铜绿微囊藻(蓝藻)、四尾栅藻(绿藻)和菱形藻(硅藻)为研究对象,鄱阳湖采集沉积物为悬浮颗粒物,利用500 m L玻璃锥形瓶作为小型、光照均一体系,于此体系中研究了颗粒物对藻类生长的影响,使用混凝试验搅拌仪分别研究了颗粒物粒径、浓度和体系p H对颗粒物絮凝沉降藻细胞的影响.在小型光照均一体系中,20 mg·L-1(鄱阳湖悬浮颗粒物低浓度)和80 mg·L-1(鄱阳湖悬浮颗粒物高浓度)颗粒物对3种藻类的生长影响均较小.在颗粒物投加量为0.02 g·L-1时,60~300目颗粒物均促进藻类的絮凝沉降,并且随着颗粒物粒径(D50)的增大,藻细胞的絮凝沉降效率逐渐减小,而且粒径在1~25μm部分的颗粒在此过程中占主导地位.当颗粒物投加量由0.02 g·L-1升至1.28 g·L-1时,3种藻的絮凝沉降效率随之提高.在颗粒物投加量为0.02 g·L-1时,铜绿微囊藻、四尾栅藻和菱形藻的絮凝沉降效率仅为11.08%、15.87%和7.50%,当颗粒物浓度升至1.28 g·L-1时,3种藻的絮凝沉降效率分别达42.33%、41.72%、28.98%.在p H值6~10范围内,随着p H升高,颗粒物对蓝藻、绿藻的絮凝沉降作用逐渐减小,絮凝沉降效率分别从p H为6时的36.10%、35.07%降到p H为10时的16.25%、12.59%;而对硅藻的絮凝沉降作用不明显.由此可见,鄱阳湖水体颗粒物影响藻类的絮凝沉降过程,使藻类的群落结构发生变化.     

大叶女贞叶面结构对滞留颗粒物粒径的影响

为分析叶面微结构对滞留颗粒物粒径的影响,以分布较广的常绿植物——大叶女贞为研究对象,用激光粒度分析仪(湿法)测定叶面尘的粒径分布,用扫描电子显微镜和原子力显微镜观察叶面微结构;并用图像处理软件(图像法)分析叶面颗粒物的粒径特征,探讨不同测定方法对叶面颗粒物粒径分布的可能影响.结果表明,大叶女贞叶面滞留颗粒物粒径呈双峰分布,湿法测定的颗粒物粒径范围为0.4～ 52.6μm,粒径峰值为18.9 μm、36.2 μm,粒径均值为8.8 μm;图像法测定的颗粒物粒径范围为0.4～27.8 μm,粒径峰值为17.5μm、27.8μm,粒径均值为7.2μm.叶表面分布有大量的突起和凹陷,凹陷直径介于0.6～ 30 μm,直径小于2.5μm和10 μm的凹陷约占到总量的50％和80％.可吸入颗粒物(PM10)和细颗粒物(PM2.5)主要滞留在叶表的凹陷结构中,有少量粒径大于10 μm的颗粒物滞留在突起之上.PM2.5和PM10的体积分数仅占滞尘总量的17.9％和50.4％(湿法)、16.8％和45.9％(图像法),但数量多于大粒径颗粒物,这与小粒径的颗粒在个数上占优势、但大粒径的颗粒则对叶面滞留颗粒物的质量(或体积)贡献较大有关.叶背面颗粒物附着密度较正面小,PM2.5等颗粒物多分布在气孔周围,有少量颗粒物沉积在气孔上,从而堵塞气孔.     

火灾引发超高层建筑非连续倒塌模拟研究

为了解超高层建筑发生火灾后变形特征及失稳后的非连续坍塌过程,掌握引起变形和坍塌的原因,将三维颗粒流软件(PFC3D)作为模拟平台,设置核心筒-框架结构的超高层建筑火灾区域,并模拟坍塌过程。在考虑钢筋和混凝土共同作用结果的基础上,提出火灾区域中构件属性设置方法及模拟步骤。分析得到造成建筑结构摆动的3种原因,一是火区位置不同导致上部结构对火区的压力不同,二是火区位置不同导致结构受到的约束不同,三是受热膨胀性使构件产生不同程度变形。结果表明:燃烧温度为500℃,3 h后建筑发生摆动,表现出对火区位置和燃烧时间敏感的特征。1 000℃下1 h内,建筑物首先发生破坏的是梁构件,然后是承重柱。即建筑一旦进入结构破坏阶段,坍塌将是迅速且不可逆的。     

MMT对GDI、PFI汽油机微粒排放的影响

为研究MMT对GDI、PFI汽油机微粒排放数量浓度以及质量浓度的影响,利用DMS500快速型微粒光谱仪,对一台增压缸内直喷(GDI)汽油机和一台自然吸气式气道喷射(PFI)汽油机燃用基础油以及在基础油中添加有机锰(MMT)的燃油的微粒排放特性进行了试验研究.结果表明:MMT的添加均会增加GDI、PFI汽油机的微粒排放,燃用不同含Mn量的燃油,各负荷下GDI汽油机的微粒数量浓度均明显高于PFI汽油机.中小负荷下GDI、PFI汽油机微粒排放数量浓度以及质量浓度均随着Mn含量的增加而上升.大负荷下,PFI汽油机微粒数量浓度随着Mn含量的增加而上升,但GDI汽油机则是在燃用不含Mn的燃油时微粒数量浓度最低,而后随着燃油中Mn含量的增加,超细微粒数量浓度的峰值反而逐步降低.GDI、PFI汽油机核模态与积聚模态微粒数量变化的规律相似.