Estimation of distribution algorithm enhanced particle swarm optimization for water distribution network optimization

The optimization of a water distribution network (WDN) is a highly nonlinear, multi-modal, and constrained combinatorial problem. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) has been shown to be a fast converging algorithm for WDN optimization. An improved estimation of distribution algorithm (EDA) using historic best positions to construct a sample space is hybridized with PSO both in sequential and in parallel to improve population diversity control and avoid premature convergence. Two water distribution network benchmark examples from the literature are adopted to evaluate the performance of the proposed hybrid algorithms. The experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithms achieved the literature record minimum (6.081 M$) for the small size Hanoi network. For the large size Balerma network, the parallel hybrid achieved a slightly lower minimum (1.921M€) than the current literature reported best minimum (1.923M€). The average number of evaluations needed to achieve the minimum is one order smaller than most existing algorithms. With a fixed, small number of evaluations, the sequential hybrid outperforms the parallel hybrid showing its capability for fast convergence. The fitness and diversity of the populations were tracked for the proposed algorithms. The track record suggests that constructing an EDA sample space with historic best positions can improve diversity control significantly. Parallel hybridization also helps to improve diversity control yet its effect is relatively less significant.     

基于粒子群算法的燃气管线泄漏疏散能力分析

为研究燃气管线泄漏事故人员疏散能力,统计分析近年国内燃气泄漏典型事故,得出第三方违章作业施工为燃气泄漏事故比例最高的直接原因及燃气泄漏事故伤亡人数发展趋势,在此基础上,引入粒子群PSO算法,以某施工引起的燃气管线泄漏事故为实例,研究领导者的领导能力和应急处置能力对员工之间信息交流及人员应急疏散能力的影响。分析实例显示现场领导者学习因子偏低,指挥能力差,直接影响事故现场的应急疏散自救行为,甚至改变疏散路径。并进一步分析模拟得出,学习因子提高后,现场领导者和员工的信息更新与交换效率大幅提升,应急疏散能力随之提高,进而提出实用性对策措施和建议,为提升燃气管线泄漏事故应急疏散能力提供技术参考。     

北京城区道路灰尘季节性粒度分布及分形特征

对采集的北京城区道路灰尘样品用扫描电镜及X射线能谱进行形貌特征分析,用激光粒度仪进行粒度测定.结果表明:北京城区四季道路灰尘包含矿物颗粒,轮胎磨损颗粒及球型燃烧颗粒,四季道路灰尘粒度分布频率曲线均呈双峰态分布,第一峰值粒径介于256~303μm,第二峰值粒径介于74~88μm.四季道路灰尘粒度分布分形维数为1.7533~2.3137,平均粒径为188.08~200.20μm,分选性差,呈极不对称的极正偏宽峰态到很窄峰态,属砂土.四季道路灰尘均主要是局地灰尘跃移搬运形成,直接通过大气运移沉降的远源灰尘相对较少.平均粒径春季>秋季>夏季≈冬季,分选系数夏季≈秋季>冬季>春季,峰度冬季>秋季>夏季≈春季,偏度无较大区别.春季灰尘可吸入颗粒物最高,并含有可入肺颗粒物,对人体健康和大气环境的危害潜力不容忽视.     

不同品质燃油对公交车道路颗粒排放特征的影响

以国Ⅳ排放柴油公交车为样车,研究了3种燃油公交车的颗粒数量排放特性. 3种燃油分别为纯柴油、B20燃油〔V(生物柴油)∶V(纯柴油)=2∶8〕和G20燃油〔V(天然气制油)∶V(纯柴油)=2∶8〕. 结果表明:公交车燃用3种燃油的排气颗粒数量随粒径变化均呈双峰对数分布,其中核态颗粒数量峰值粒径均为10.8 nm;聚集态颗粒数量峰值粒径则因燃料差异而不同,其中纯柴油、B20燃油和G20燃油分别为80.6、69.8和60.4 nm. 对于不同类型道路,在公交车燃用纯柴油时,其快速路下的排气颗粒数量(7.35×1015 km-1)最低,分别比主干道和次干道低47.7%和55.1%. 对于不同品质燃油而言,在全程测试线路内,燃用G20燃油的公交车排气颗粒总数量(6.92×1015 km-1)最低,较纯柴油和B20燃油分别降低了42.5%和32.4%. 其中,G20燃油排气中核态颗粒数量为1.81×1015 km-1,较纯柴油和B20燃油分别降低了3.1%和15.4%,而聚集态颗粒数量则分别降低了49.7%和37.0%. 表明公交车燃用天然气制油可有效降低颗粒排放.      

故障树法和改进PSO-PNN网络的电梯故障诊断模型

针对电梯故障问题,提出一种将故障树分析法、改进的粒子群优化算法和概率神经网络相结合的方法用于电梯的故障诊断。以电梯的安全回路系统为例,用故障树法对回路进行分析,获得训练样本与故障类型;使用粒子群算法对概率神经网络的平滑因子进行优化,在优化过程中,针对粒子群算法存在易陷入局部最优的缺陷,提出对惯性权重的改进策略;采用相对误差对诊断效果做出评估,并与传统的概率神经网络和基本粒子群算法优化的概率神经网络在各种故障类型输出和最大相对误差等方面进行比较,结果表明:该模型能够有效诊断电梯故障。     

北京和东京城市道路积尘磁性颗粒物中金属元素的污染特征和健康风险

于2019年8月对中国北京和日本东京城市道路积尘进行了调查。采用磁性分离和电感耦合等离子质谱法对2个城市道路积尘磁性颗粒物中28种金属元素的含量进行了分析,并比较了污染特征和健康风险。结果表明,东京和北京道路积尘中铁（Fe）元素平均含量分别为25.3和21.2 mg/g,磁性颗粒物占积尘比例分别为22.4%和13.0%。东京道路积尘磁性颗粒物受人类活动排放影响较北京显著,其中锌（Zn）和银（Ag）元素含量是北京的7.2和5.6倍。北京道路积尘磁性颗粒物中元素富集率远高于东京,以铬（Cr）、镍（Ni）等金属元素最为明显。东京和北京道路积尘磁性颗粒物的非致癌风险和致癌风险均低于安全阈值,但致癌风险分别达到6.9×10^-7和6.3×10^-7,接近10^-6的可接受水平,应引起相关部门的关注。手口摄入是非致癌金属元素日平均暴露的首要途径,皮肤接触途径的非致癌物健康风险最高,Cr是导致道路积尘磁性颗粒物健康风险的首要元素。     

不同粒径镁铝合金粉尘爆炸与抑爆特性研究

为了研究镁铝合金粉爆炸危险特性,利用20L球形爆炸容器进行测试,结果表明:180目 (80 μm)、 120目(125 μm) 和60目(250 μm)3种粒径下的金属粉尘爆炸下限浓度分别为45 g/m3,55 g/m3和95 g/m3。相同浓度下最大爆炸压力随粒径增大的而减小。以碳化硅和石墨为代表的研究中,60目,120目和180目的镁铝合金粉以10%的浓度梯度加入碳化硅浓度分别至50%,70%和80%,石墨浓度至30%,50%和60%时,镁铝合金粉不会发生爆炸。表明碳化硅及石墨等惰性粉尘都能对粉尘爆炸有抑制作用,其中石墨对镁铝合金粉的抑爆作用明显优于碳化硅。     

空气污染与呼吸系统疾病对儿童肺功能的交互影响

在中国4城市儿童肺功能的队列研究数据基础上,通过3步回归的统计方法,就空气污染和支气管炎或哮喘的交互作用对儿童肺功能的影响进行了研究.结果发现,空气颗粒物与支气管炎或哮喘等呼吸系统疾病对儿童肺功能有不利影响,而儿童在短期内患过支气管炎或哮喘会显著地加重空气颗粒物污染对FVC和FEV1的有害影响,但从长期来看,这种有害影响趋于减弱.对于FEV1/FVC,支气管炎或哮喘与空气颗粒物对肺功能的作用是独立的.与气态污染物相比,颗粒物与呼吸系统疾病对儿童肺功能的交互作用更大.     

OPTICAL IMPACTS AND SOURCES OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN ONONDAGA CREEK,U.S.A.1

ABSTRACT: The degradation of the optical aesthetics in the mouth of Onondaga Creek, New York, that occurs during high flow periods as a result of the influx of large quantities of suspended solids, is documented. Features of the degradation include very low clarity (Secchi disc minimum of approximately 0.1 m) and a brown ‘muddy’ appearance. The reduced clarity is mostly a result of increased light scattering. Loading and concentration profiles obtained for an approximately 35 km interval above the creek mouth over a wide range of flow indicates most of the suspended solids received during runoff events is resuspended stream sediment and eroded bank material. Application of microscopy-based individual particle analysis techniques indicates that the origin of most of these deposits and much of the suspended solids during runoff events is point source inputs, termed ‘mud boils,’ located approximately 32 km upstream of the creek mouth.     

RATES OF RECENT SEDIMENTATION IN LAKE PEPIN1

ABSTRACT: Sedimentation rates since 1954 in Lake Pepin, as determined from the content of fallout cesium-137 in the sediment profile, have exceeded 2.5 cm/yr in the upper part of the lake. These rates, although somewhat less than those of the previous half century (1895–1954), are sufficiently large that the upstream portion of Lake Pepin is threatened with conversion to a marsh within a century. The density of the sediments measured increased with depth in the sampled profile from 1.1 to 1.2 g/ml at the sediment surface to 1.4 to 1.5 g/ml at 2- or 3-m depth. There was little or no change in the patterns of textural composition or density of the sediment profile with depth and age over the past 80 to 150 years.