Multi-criteria PSO-based optimal design of grid-connected hybrid renewable energy systems

ABSTRACT

Human-induced climate change through the over liberation of greenhouse gases, resulting in devastating consequences to the environment, is a concern of considerable global significance which has fuelled the diversification to alternative renewable energy sources. The unpredictable nature of renewable resources is an impediment to developing renewable projects. More reliable, effective, and economically feasible renewable energy systems can be established by consolidating various renewable energy sources such as wind and solar into a hybrid system using batteries or back-up units like conventional energy generators or grids. The precise design of these systems is a critical step toward their effective deployment. An optimal sizing strategy was developed based on a heuristic particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique to determine the optimum number and configuration of PV panels, wind turbines, and battery units by minimizing the total system life-cycle cost while maximizing the reliability of the hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) in matching the electricity supply and demand. In addition, by constraining the amount of conventional electricity purchased from the grid, environmental concerns were also considered in the presented method. Various systems with different reliabilities and potential of reducing consumer’s CO₂ emissions were designed and the behavior of the proposed method was comprehensively investigated. An HRES may reduce the annualized cost of energy and carbon footprint significantly.     

RUNOFF,EROSION, AND SOLUTES IN THE LOWER TRUCKEE RIVER,NEVADA, DURING 19691

The Truckee River heads in the Sierra Nevada at Lake Tahoe, and terminates in Pyramid Lake. During the 1969 water year, flow about 9 miles upstream from the mouth (974,000 acre-ft) was almost four times the long-term average, due mainly to heavy winter rains and spring snowmelt. A short period of low-altitude rainfall produced the highest concentrations of suspended sediment, whereas a much longer subsequent period of snowmelt yielded a much greater total quantity of material. The upper 90 percent of the basin yielded about 260 acre-feet (630,000 tons) of sediment at the Nixon gage, whereas an estimated 2,800 acre-feet (6.8 million tons) was contributed by erosion of about 200 acres of river bank below the gage. Solute content at the gage ranged from 80 to 450 mg/l, dominated by calcium, sodium, and bicarbonate, plus silica in the most dilute snowmelt and chloride in the most concentrated low flows. Solute load totaled about 130,000 tons, of which the principal constituents in Pyramid Lake-sodium plus equivalent bicarbonate and chloride-amounted to almost 40,000 tons. The total solute load during a year of average flow may be 45,000-55,000 tons, including 18,000-22,000 tons of principal lake constituents.     

某核废液处理厂的火灾爆炸事故解析(Ⅰ) 核废液的沥青固化处理条件对固化产物中盐粒子的微观构造的影响

设计了一套核废液的沥青固化处理模拟试验装置,对不同固化处理条件下生产的沥青固化物内的混合盐粒子的微观构造、粒径分布等进行了详细探讨.结果表明,固化处理条件的改变对固化产物中的盐粒子的大小及其粒径分布虽无明显的影响,但对其微观构造及比表面积的影响却十分明显.当核废液中含有磷酸盐并且核废液的送料速度较低时,生产的沥青固化物中的混合盐粒子的约70%是由长3-6微米,直径约1微米的针状结晶以架桥形式构成.这样的氧化剂颗粒具有很大的比表面积.     

BIOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF SACRAMENTO WATERSHED MANAGEMENT OPTIONS1

ABSTRACT: This paper brings together spatially and temporally explicit mechanistic models of hydrodynamic, water quality, and ecological processes with an economic model to examine water management alternatives for California's Sacramento River and Delta ecosystem, a large‐scale watershed. Overallocated water supplies in most years, combined with increasing demand for water for environmental purposes, have created a politically charged atmosphere and a need for quantitative assessment of the implications of policy alternatives. By developing and analyzing a common set of policy scenarios, this integrated framework allows us to consider tradeoffs between agricultural economic factors, water quality, and population dynamics for two at‐risk fish species. We analyze two rather extreme types of policy options; one involves structural modifications to change the flow of water within the watershed but no change in water diversions, while the other reallocates water from agricultural users to fish and wildlife. Results suggest that substantial environmental improvements could be made at a relatively modest cost to farmers (1 to 4 percent reductions in revenues) but that those costs could be significant locally. In addition to tradeoffs between farmers and environmental interests, results suggest that policy makers may need to balance competing environmental objectives.     

毛细渗透法测定固体表面能

根据粒度对固体表面能的影响,选用了毛细渗透法测定固体表面能.详细介绍了毛细渗透法的原理和实验操作步骤.最后得出结论,毛细渗透法测定固体颗粒的表面能,是一种较好的测试方法.     

湿式球磨机石灰石制浆系统的运行调整及问题探讨

探讨了以湖南石门、河南国电濮热、贵州大龙等电厂湿式球磨机运行中的部分调整经验，并对一些影响运行的问题进行分析，以寻求合理的运行方式，实现脱硫系统长周期经济运行。     

发动机机油净化装置的研制与应用

车辆发动机每年在换季时都需要更换不同牌号的机油。为了使换下来的机油能够在第二年重复再利用,中原油田分公司采油五厂研制了污油机油净化处理装置。实践证明,净化后的机油完全可以达到使用技术要求。这样既能减少浪费,又能保护环境不受污染,经济效益也十分明显。     

河道溢油模型在三峡水质预警系统中的研究与应用

为使三峡水质预警系统有效模拟预测三峡溢油事故,建立了适应该系统的平面二维河道溢油模型。常见溢油模拟的做法是在溢油自身扩展阶段采用Fay模型、在溢油飘移阶段采取油粒子模型,而文章使用根据Fay模型进行扩展之后的油粒子模型,该模型可在溢油的自身扩展和漂移阶段同时使用。该模型结合了油粒子模型和Fay模型的长处,既解决Fay模型只能用于静止海面上的限制,又解决了油粒子模型不能模拟溢油自身扩展阶段的难题,特别适用于水域相对海洋狭小且形状复杂,水流也较复杂的河流溢油模拟。将其运用为三峡水质预警系统的溢油模拟模块,取得了较好的效果。     

Morphology of single inhalable particle inside public transit biodiesel fueled bus

In an urban-transit bus,fueled by biodiesel in Toledo,Ohio,single inhalable particle samples in October 2008 were collected and detected by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry(SEM/EDS).Particle size analysis found bimodal distribution at 0.2 and 0.5 μm.The particle morphology was characterized by 14 different shape clusters:square,pentagon,hexagon,heptagon,octagon,nonagon,decagon,agglomerate,sphere,triangle,oblong,strip,line or stick,and unknown,by quantitative order.The square particles were common in the samples.Round and triangle particles are more,and pentagon,hexagon,heptagon,octagon,nonagon,decagon,strip,line or sticks are less.Agglomerate particles were found in abundance.The surface of most particles was coarse with a fractal edge that can provide a suitable chemical reaction bed in the polluted atmospheric environment.The three sorts of surface patterns of squares were smooth,semi-smooth,and coarse.The three sorts of square surface patterns represented the morphological characteristics of single inhalable particles in the air inside the bus in Toledo.The size and shape distribution results were compared to those obtained for a bus using ultra low sulfur diesel.     

降雨条件下典型岩溶流域地下水中的物质运移

通过对2008年4月下旬降雨期间,重庆青木关地下河系统出口姜家泉泉水的水文过程、浊度、悬浮颗粒物、主要阳离子和TOC浓度的监测,结合悬浮颗粒物的扫描电镜和能谱分析图,来研究岩溶流域地下水中悬浮颗粒物浓度、浊度、主要阳离子和TOC等物质的运移特征.结果表明,在单一岩溶管道较发育的地下河出口,泉水流量、浊度、悬浮颗粒物浓度、主要阳离子和TOC浓度对降雨事件响应迅速;与碳酸盐岩溶解有关的Ca2+、Mg2+和Sr2+等在流量上升的过程中表现为稀释效应;降雨期间,地下河中受雨水侵蚀的土壤输入量增大,引起泉水中浊度和悬浮颗粒物浓度的增大;泉水中Al3+、Fe、Mn、Ba2+和TOC等物质是悬浮颗粒物的伴生物,其浓度随浊度的增大而增大;在研究的2场降雨期间,地下水携带悬浮颗粒物(0.45μm)的总量约为9.7t;在泉水流量的上升和衰减的过程中,水质较差或极差;降雨期间流域内土壤侵蚀和养分的流失,不但严重破坏了脆弱的岩溶生态环境,而且极易造成地下水由土壤侵蚀引起的非点源污染,对当地居民的饮水安全造成严重的威胁.