CuO-CeO2/γ-Al2O3粒子电极对垃圾渗滤液降解特性

研制了负载型CuO-CeO2/γ-Al2O3粒子电极,并与活性炭颗粒混合填充于主阴阳极之间,实现三维电催化氧化反应,采用XRD、SEM对粒子电极进行表征.结果表明, CuO-CeO2/γ-Al2O3粒子电极对垃圾渗滤液显示了良好的电催化活性和稳定性,在pH为7.0、槽电压10V、空气流速0.04m3·h-1反应条件下,150min后, COD、氨氮去除率达到87.8%、45.4%,去除效果较传统二维平板、三维复极性电解槽更高,经20次反复使用后仍具有一定催化活性.研究了电-多相催化氧化体系对垃圾渗滤液降解的动力学规律,表明渗滤液降解符合准一级反应动力学规律;并在此条件下,体系以直接氧化占优.     

沿海城市灰霾天气与海盐氯损耗机制的关系

随着经济规模迅速扩大和城市化进程加快,大气气溶胶污染日趋严重,由细粒子气溶胶造成的能见度恶化事件越来越多,这些人类活动排放的污染物,可形成灰霾天气致使能见度下降。尤其值得注意的是沿海城市灰霾天气增长较快,沿海城市灰霾天气增多与海盐气溶胶粒子的氯损耗机制关系密切。我国30年前在粉尘污染时代建立的空气质量评价体系,已经远远不能描述新型复合空气污染类型,尤其是不能描述细粒子污染的情况,能见度的恶化主要与细粒子的浓度关系比较大,而与气溶胶的质量浓度关系不大。能见度与PM2.5尤其是PM1有非常好的关系,因而目前用能见度来描述灰霾天气是最好的指标。     

Urease inhibitor reduces N losses and improves plant-bioavailability of urea applied in fine particle and granular forms under field conditions

A field lysimeter/mini plot experiment was established in a silt loam soil near Lincoln, New Zealand, to investigate the effectiveness of urea fertilizer in fine particle application (FPA), with or without the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT - “Agrotain”), in decreasing nitrogen (N) losses and improving N uptake efficiency. The five treatments were: control (no N) and ¹⁵N-labelled urea, with or without NBPT, applied to lysimeters or mini plots (unlabelled urea), either in granular form to the soil surface or in FPA form (through a spray) at a rate equivalent to 100 kg N ha⁻¹. Gaseous emissions of ammonia (NH₃) and nitrous oxide (N₂O), nitrate (NO₃⁻) leaching, herbage dry-matter (DM) production, N-response efficiency, total N uptake and total recovery of applied ¹⁵N in the plant and soil varied with urea application method and with addition of NBPT. Urea with NBPT, applied in granular or FPA form, was more effective than in application without NBPT: N₂O emissions were reduced by 7-12%, NH₃ emissions by 65-69% and NO₃⁻ leaching losses by 36-55% compared with granular urea. Urea alone and with NBPT, applied in FPA form increased herbage DM production by 27% and 38%, respectively. The N response efficiency increased from 10 kg DM kg⁻¹ of applied N with granular urea to 19 kg DM kg⁻¹ with FPA urea and to 23 kg DM kg⁻¹ with FPA urea plus NBPT. Urea applied in FPA form resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) higher ¹⁵N recovery in the shoots compared with granular treatments and this was improved further when urea in FPA form was applied with NBPT. These results suggest that applying urea with NBPT in FPA form has potential as a management tool in mitigating N losses, improving N-response efficiency and increasing herbage DM production in intensive grassland systems.     

微波改性高炉瓦斯泥吸附特性研究

以马鞍山钢铁公司高炉瓦斯泥为对象,采用微波改性方法对高炉瓦斯泥的粒度分布、微观形貌及化学变化进行表征分析,揭示了微波作用对瓦斯泥吸附特性的影响.结果表明,高炉瓦斯泥的主要组分为含铁烧结矿和焦炭颗粒,经微波改性的瓦斯泥颗粒,在形貌上显示出粗糙度增大,孔隙结构明显,比表面积增大和活性点增多的特征.通过对亚甲基蓝的吸附测试,...     

Pollution characteristics of organic and elemental carbon in PM2:5 in Xiamen, China

Xiamen,located on the southeastern coastal line of China,is undergoing rapid urbanization and industrialization,so its air quality has a trend of degradation.However,studies on level,temporal and spatial changes of fine particles (PM2.5) and their carbonaceous fractions are scarce.In this article,abundance,sources,seasonal and spatial variations,distribution of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in PM2.5,were studied at suburban,urban and industrial sites in Xiamen during four season-representative months in 2009-2010.PM2.5 samples were collected with middle volume sampler and were analyzed for OC and EC with thermal optical transmittance (TOT) method.Results showed that the annual average PM2.5 concentrations were 63.88-74.80 μg/m3 at three sites.While OC and EC concentrations were in the range of 15.81-19.73 μg/m3 and 2.74-3.49 μg/m3,respectively,and clearly presented the summer minima and winter maxima in this study.The carbonaceous aerosol accounted for 42.8％-47.3％ of the mass of PM2.5.The annual average of secondary organic carbon (SOC) concentrations in Xiamen were 9.23-11.36 μg/m3,accounting for approximately 56％ of OC.Strong correlations between OC and EC was found in spring (R2 = 0.50) and autumn (R2 = 0.73),suggesting that there were similar emission and transport processes for carbonaceous aerosols in these two seasons,while weak correlations were found in summer (R2 = 0.33) and winter (R2 = 0.41).The OC/EC ratios in PM2.5 varied from 2.1 to 8.7 with an annual average of 5.7,indicating that vehicle exhaust,coal smoke and biomass burning were main source apportionments of carbonaceous fractions in Xiamen.     

Particle size distribution and removal by a chemical-biological flocculation process

The particle characterization from the influent and effluent of a chemical-biological flocculation （CBF） process was studied with a laser diffraction device. Water samples from a chemically enhanced primary treatment （CEPT） process and a primary sediment tank process were also analyzed for comparison. The results showed that CBF process was not only effective for both the big size particles and small size particles removal, but also the best particle removal process in the three processes. The results also indicated that CBF process was superior to CEPT process in the heavy metals removal. The high and non-selective removal for heavy metals might be closely related to its strong ability to eliminate small particles. Samples from different locations in CBF reactors showed that small particles were easier to aggregate into big ones and those disrupted flocs could properly flocculate again along CBF reactor because of the biological flocculation.     

连环湖区域小东湖表层沉积物营养盐变化特征与污染评价研究

于2010年8月赴连环湖小东湖采集表层沉积物样品.在对小东湖表层沉积物总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)及磷形态、有机质(OM)、粒度指标测试分析的基础上,探讨小东湖表层沉积物营养元素变化特征及影响因素,并采用有机指数与有机氮指标对小东湖表层沉积物的污染状况进行评价.研究结果表明,TP平均含量为535.75 mg/kg,接近于富营养化严重的太湖和巢湖,小东湖表层沉积物Ca-P、IP、TP受<4 μm、4~16 μm、>64 μm粒级含量影响较大,Fe/Al-P和OP受粒度影响较弱.小东湖有机指数为Ⅱ等级,属于较清洁范畴,有机氮指标达到Ⅳ等级,为有机氮污染.     

Assessment of physico-chemical properties and metal contents of water and sediments of Bodo Creek,Niger Delta,Nigeria

Some physico-chemical properties and the concentrations of the metals Fe, Mn, Ni, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, and Zn in water and sediments were examined from September 2011 to January 2012 in Bodo Creek, where oil spills have been recurrent. Temperature, pH, total dissolved solid, conductivity, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total hardness, sulfate, nitrate, and phosphate were determined in surface water. Particle size, total organic matter (TOM), and pH were also determined in the sediments. The parameters were within permissible limits except the mean values of BOD, COD, total hardness, and sulfate that exceeded levels permissible for domestic use. The sediments consisted mainly of sand, with TOM ranging from 0.2% to 5.5%. With the exception of cadmium that was below detection limit, metal levels (mg kg^?1) in the sediments were 12 (Mn), 1070 (Fe), 10 (Cu), 10 (Zn), 5.3 (Cr), 1.1 (Pb), 1.0 (Ni), and 0.5 (Co) while in water they were 24, 98, 21, 6.9, 4.0, 0.6, 0.18, and 0.16, respectively. The latter were higher than World Health Organization recommended permissible levels for both surface and drinking water.     

元宵节期间北京PM_(2.5)单颗粒的物理化学特征

采集2014年元宵节期间北京PM2.5样品,使用场发射扫锚电镜-能谱仪观察北京PM2.5单颗粒的显微形貌和元素组成,并利用图像分析系统对PM2.5的粒径进行分析.结果表明:PM2.5的单颗粒类型以烟尘集合体、矿物颗粒和飞灰为主;烟花爆竹燃放产生的PM2.5是造成元宵节期间北京PM2.5浓度升高的主要原因;PM2.5中总颗粒物个数呈现先升高后降低的趋势;元宵节期间北京PM2.5中大部分颗粒物的粒径小于0.7μm;然而,重污染天气PM2.5中粒径大于0.7μm颗粒物的数量明显高于轻污染天气.     

土壤粒径、氮素及重金属对填埋场覆土CH_4氧化的影响

采用批式培养试验重点研究了土壤粒径、NH4+-N和NO3--N及重金属〔Zn和Cr(Ⅵ)〕含量对填埋场砂性覆土及一般砂土CH4氧化能力的影响.结果表明:合适的土壤粒径能显著提高砂性覆土和一般砂土的CH4氧化能力(P0.05),当粒径为1.00~2.00 mm时,砂性覆土和一般砂土的CH4氧化速率分别高达0.24和0.12μmol/(g·h).低浓度NH4+-N或NO3--N均可以促进砂性覆土和一般砂土的CH4氧化,而高浓度则会明显抑制CH4氧化.砂性覆土和一般砂土的外源氨氮和外源NO3--N的投加量(以w计)临界值均为200 mg/kg,砂性覆土对NH4+-N浓度的波动有更好的适应能力;重金属Zn、Cr(Ⅵ)对砂性覆土和一般砂土CH4氧化的抑制作用均随浓度的升高而增强,Zn对砂性覆土CH4氧化的抑制作用程度大于Cr,并且Zn对一般砂土CH4氧化的抑制程度明显强于砂性覆土.为此,筛选合适粒径级配的土壤,同时控制覆土中氮素及重金属的本底含量,有利于填埋场CH4氧化.