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661.
662.
柴油机排气微粒冷却演变特性的实验研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
对柴油机排气微粒在冷却条件下的演变特性进行了实验研究.结果表明,排气的冷却作用对微粒的质量浓度具有重要的影响.引起微粒质量浓度变化的主要原因是排气中气态碳氢的冷凝,从而增加了微粒的质量浓度.排气的冷却促使柴油机微粒增大,分布在0.01~1.0 μm粒径范围内的微粒数量有所减少,特别是小于0.1 μm以下的小微粒,微粒数量下降的幅度相对较大,并且冷却温度越低,变化越明显.排气冷却后,0.1-1.0 μm粒径范围内的微粒体积浓度呈减少的趋势.此外,流速对排气冷却条件下的微粒演变特性亦有一定的影响,随排气流速的降低,0.01~1.0 μm粒径范围内的微粒数量浓度和体积浓度减小. 相似文献
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于2005年7月选择分别受北方冷空气、海上高压和地方性山谷风影响的3个天气过程条件下,在北京市区和郊区采集了23个大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品,并采用扫描电镜-X射线能谱技术,根据单颗粒尺度、形貌、特征化学组成解析出各类源对颗粒数浓度的贡献.结果发现:有机/碳质颗粒(占总颗粒数的31.3%,下同)和矿物颗粒(占29.5%)为优势种类,二次源颗粒占10.6%,燃煤飞灰占7.2%,燃煤、机动车排放和建筑施工产生的3类颗粒占4.1%~6.5%.3种天气下颗粒组成特征鲜明,来源差别明显:①冷空气影响下空气质量最好,TSP样品中粒径小于1.0 μm和大于5.0 μm颗粒较多,一次源处于绝对主导地位(占90%);②海上高压控制天气下,粒径为1.0~2.5 μm的颗粒大幅度增加,有大量的次生粒子生成(占10%~20%);③地方性天气中颗粒质量浓度偏高,粒径小于1.0 μm和1.0~2.5 μm颗粒所占比例均较高,但有机/碳质颗粒比例减少, 其他次要种类颗粒增多.市区人为源颗粒的种类最多,对郊区影响明显. 相似文献
664.
论城市室内环境中气溶胶污染问题 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
本文全面评述了室内环境中气溶胶的种类来源,化学组成,形成和自然清除机理。空气环境中气溶胶大致可分为:1.燃烧型气溶胶,主要包括各类燃料燃烧产生的烟雾和烟草烟雾等;2.矿物型气溶胶,包括粉尘,飞灰,石棉及其它天然纤维尘等;3.生物型气溶胶,包括植物生气溶胶,如动物皮屑及各类微生物等。 相似文献
665.
Jehangir H. Bhadha Casey Schmidt Robert Rooney Paul Indeglia Ruben Kertesz Elizabeth Bevc John Sansalone 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2009,45(6):1434-1447
Bhadha, Jehangir H., Casey Schmidt, Robert Rooney, Paul Indeglia, Ruben Kertesz, Elizabeth Bevc, and John Sansalone, 2009. Granulometric and Metal Distributions for Post‐Katrina Surficial Particulate Matter Recovered From New Orleans. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 45(6):1434‐1447. Abstract: Hurricane Katrina and the resulting failure of the levees that surrounded and protected New Orleans generated a significant detained volume of stormwater within the urban area of New Orleans. Between the inundation resulting from levee failure and eventual pumped evacuation of stormwater from the urban area of New Orleans, a large mass of storm‐entrained particulate matter (PM) was deposited in the inundated areas. This study examined the granulometry and granulometric distribution of metals for post‐Katrina surficial PM deposits recovered from 15 sites (10 inundated and 5 non‐inundated) in New Orleans. Results of this examination were compared to pre‐Katrina data from New Orleans. While post‐Katrina analysis of PM indicates that Pb, Zn, and Cu concentrations for PM are reduced for all sites, inundated sites had higher Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations for the settleable (~25‐75 μm) and sediment (>75 μm) size fractions. A comparison between total metal concentration and the bioavailable (leachable) fraction for PM reveals that inundated sites had up to 19% higher leachable metal concentration compared to non‐inundated sites. The reduction in PM‐bound total metal concentrations for recovered PM can be explained through a combination of scouring (and therefore change in granulometry from pre‐Katrina) that resulted from transport of suspended PM by storm flows and pumped evacuation; as well as leaching and PM‐based redistribution from extended contact with rainfall and during stormwater detention. New Orleans has been exposed to elevated levels of metals through decades of activities that include vehicular transportation, chemical, industrial, and oil production facilities resulting in higher metal concentrations for urban soil‐residual complexes. As a result, the influent storm flows associated with Katrina as an episodic event cannot solely explain the distribution and fate of PM‐associated metal concentrations. 相似文献
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668.
混沌粒子群算法在水污染控制系统规划中的应用 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
针对常用的最优化方法解决水污染控制系统规划问题运算过程较复杂,容易陷入局部极值,且优化解精度不高的情况,尝试利用混沌方法和粒子群算法相结合的混沌粒子群算法(chaos particle swarm optimization,CPSO)求解此类问题。CPSO算法具有原理简单,且能快速获得最优解的特点。在实例应用中与遗传算法和MATLAB优化函数的优化结果做了比较,CPSO算法的性能以及得到的解明显优于后两种方法,验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。 相似文献
669.
为了进行极限状态方程不明确的大型结构可靠度分析,提出了结合神经网络和粒子群优化计算拱坝可靠度的算法。确定性力学分析采用ANSYS软件,利用BP神经网络来模拟高度非线性映射关系的功能函数,基于罚函数和粒子群优化法进行可靠指标计算。综合C语言、ANSYS的APDL二次开发以及MATLAB混合编程技术,编制了该算法的可靠度分析程序。算例表明,该方法适应于隐式功能函数的复杂结构可靠度分析。 相似文献
670.
Understanding the granulation process of activated sludge in a biological phosphorus removal sequencing batch reactor 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The granulation of activated sludge was investigated using two parallel sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) operated in biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal conditions though the reactor configuration and operating parameters did not favor the granulation. Granules were not observed when the SBR was operated in biological nitrogen removal period for 30 d. However, aerobic granules were formed naturally without the increase of aeration intensity when enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) was achieved. It can be detected that plenty of positive charged particles were formed with the release of phosphorus during the anaerobic period of EBPR. The size of the particles was about 5-20 μm and their highest positive ζ potential was about 73 mV. These positive charged particles can stimulate the granulation. Based on the experimental results, a hypothesis was proposed to interpret the granulation process of activated sludge in the EBPR process in SBR. Dense and compact subgranules were formed stimulated by the positive charged particles. The subgranules grew gradually by collision, adhesion and attached growth of bacteria. Finally, the extrusion and shear of hydrodynamic shear force would help the maturation of granules. Aerobic granular SBR showed excellent biological phosphorus removal ability. The average phosphorus removal efficiency was over 95% and the phosphorus in the effluent was below 0.50 mg L−1 during the operation. 相似文献