基于改进的PSO优化LSSVM参数的松花江哈尔滨段悬浮物的遥感反演

悬浮物是松花江水质和水环境评价的重要参数之一.利用在松花江哈尔滨段江面上29个采样点的实测高光谱和悬浮物浓度数据,用20个采样点数据为训练集,9个采样点数据为测试集.将机器学习和全局优化智能计算方法引入,应用改进的粒子群(PSO)优化最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)参数,以均方根误差RMSE为适应度函数,根据迭代得到LSSVM最优参数值,用700 nm和750 nm光谱反射率比值(R700/R750)为特征变量,悬浮物数据为目标变量,用训练集数据训练得到反演模型,使用测试集数据进行验证.结果表明,此模型收敛速度快,精度高,得到预测值的均方根误差RMSE为10.11 mg·L-1,平均绝对百分误差MAPE为10.72%,模型决定系数R2为0.952,该方法可用来对其它水质参数反演预测提供参照.     

青岛沿海大气气溶胶中无机组分在粗、细粒子上的分布

在1997-09～1998-08分4次对大气气溶胶进行了监测.结果表明:青岛沿海地区的气溶胶质量浓度多集中于＜2.5μm的细粒子中,同时采暖季节细粒子比例浓度大大高于非采暖季节.SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺、NO₃^-、K⁺主要存在于粒径小于2.5μm的细粒子中.Na⁺、Cl^-、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺则主要存在于大于2.5μm的粗粒子中,冬季F^-、Cl^-、Br^-均主要存在于细粒子中,而夏季则主要存在于粗粒子中,表明这3种离子在气溶胶粒径分布中可能受人为燃烧源和温度影响.     

汽油轿车NEDC循环超细颗粒物排放特性

以一辆采用电控燃油进气道多点喷射系统的桑塔纳汽油轿车为试验样车,采用排气颗粒数量及粒径分析仪EEPS,对该车NEDC循环的超细颗粒排放数量及颗粒粒径分布特性进行了试验研究.结果表明,NEDC循环中,车辆加速时排放的核模态颗粒、聚集态颗粒数量浓度均增加;车辆启动后40 s及EUDC循环高速工况（≥90 km.h-1）排放的超细颗粒数量浓度较高;NEDC循环的颗粒数量排放呈单峰对数分布,颗粒数量排放峰值的颗粒粒径集中于10～30 nm,几何平均粒径为24 nm;ECEⅠ、ECEⅡ～Ⅳ和EUDC循环,加速、减速、怠速及匀速驾驶工况的颗粒数量排放基本上呈单峰对数分布,颗粒数量排放峰值的颗粒粒径主要集中于10～30 nm,几何平均粒径集中于14～42 nm.该汽油车NEDC循环排放的超细颗粒主要以粒径小于50 nm的核模态颗粒为主.     

粒子电极堆放方式对三维电极体系性能的影响研究

通过对自制的粒子电极串进行实验,探讨了一种消除三维电极反应床中短路电流的新方法,并研究了不同粒子堆放方式对电催化效果的影响.结果表明,粒子本身长度的适当增长,使其与溶液电位差增大,废水脱色率也随之增大.采用B-β型粒子电极串在20V电压下反应60min,14mm长的粒子电极对直接湖蓝5B废水的脱色率可达到71.4%,比...     

广州市2020年春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对空气质量的影响

利用2020年春节期间(1月21～28日)广州市21个空气质量监测站气象和空气污染物数据及其中4个监测点位的单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(single particle aerosol mass spectrometer,SPAMS)数据,研究烟花爆竹燃放对广州市及11个行政区空气质量的影响,并基于SPAMS 建立了烟花爆竹快速...     

Size distribution and diffuse pollution impacts of PAHs in street dust in urban streams in the Yangtze River Delta

Particles of dust washed off streets by stormwater are an important pathway of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into urban streams.This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of the size distribution of PAHs in street dust particles, the potential risks of the particles in urban streams, and the sources and sinks of PAHs in the stream network.This assessment is based on measurements of 16 PAHs from the USEPA priority list in street dust particles and river sediments in Xincheng, China.The content of total PAHs ranged from 1,629 to 8,986 μg/kg in street dust particles, where smaller particles have a higher concentrations.Approximately 55% of the total PAHs were associated with particles less than 250 μm which accounted for 40% of the total mass of street dust.The PAH quantities increased from 2.41 to 46.86 μg/m2 in the sequence of new residential, rising through main roads, old town residential, commercial and industrial areas.The sediments in stream reaches in town were found to be sinks for street dust particle PAHs.The research findings suggest that particle size, land use and the hydrological conditions in the stream network were the factors which most influenced the total loads of PAH in the receiving water bodies.     

细粒含量对粉土液化特性影响的试验研究

采用动三轴仪进行粉土液化试验,研究了不同干密度、有效围压、粉粒含量及粘粒含量变化对饱和粉土液化特性的影响。试验结果表明:干密度增加,粉土动强度增加;不同有效围压对动强度的影响不大,其他条件相同时归一化的动强度比基本不变;粘粒含量和粉粒含量对粉土动强度有较大影响。粉土中粘粒含量变化对动强度的影响规律并不是单调变化的,而是在粘粒含量为8%时粉土动强度达到最小值;粉土中粉粒含量变化对动强度影响是单调线性关系,随着粉土中粉粒含量的增加,粉土动强度也线性增加。粉土中粘粒含量和粉土含量对其动强度的影响规律需从粉土的微观结构角度解释。     

北京市得田沟和崎峰茶金矿周边土壤中重金属的粒径分布特征

以北京市得田沟和崎峰茶金矿周边土壤为研究对象,运用斯托克斯沉降法研究土壤颗粒组成及重金属在不同粒径中的分布特征.结果表明,土壤颗粒主要以0.15 mm粒级为主,含量达到51.19%~79.75%,其次为0.15~0.05 mm粒级土壤,含量为14.67%~38.99%,粒级0.05~0.01 mm土壤含量为0.18%~7.6%,粒级0.01 mm的土壤含量仅占1.71%~5.95%.除Ti和V外,其它金属元素的含量具有明显的粒级效应,随着土壤粒径的减小而增大,但大多数金属元素不在最细粒级上达到最大值,而是在0.002~0.001 mm粒级上最大.金属元素在不同粒级上的累积效应与粒级上的含量相一致,金属元素在较细粒级上的累积作用明显强于粗粒级.细粒级土壤含有较高的金属含量,对人类健康危害极大,应积极采取有效措施防止极细粒级土壤进入空气和水源.     

Particle size distribution and removal in the chemical-biological flocculation process

The particle characterization from the influent and effluent of a chemical-biological flocculation (CBF) process was studied with a laser diffraction device. Water samples from a chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) process and a primary sediment tank process were also analyzed for comparison. The results showed that CBF process was not only effective for both the big size particles and small size particles removal, but also the best particle removal process in the three processes. The results also indicated that CBF process was superior to CEPT process in the heavy metals removal. The high and non-selective removal for heavy metals might be closely related to its strong ability to eliminate small particles. Samples from different locations in CBF reactors showed that small particles were easier to aggregate into big ones and those disrupted flocs could properly flocculate again along CBF reactor because of the biological flocculation.     

济南冬季典型商业室内环境颗粒物污染特征

2010年1月31日~2月7日,利用宽范围颗粒物分光计(WPS)对济南典型商业室内环境(超市和办公室)的颗粒物数浓度进行了研究.结果显示颗粒物数浓度主要分布在爱根模态(20~100nm),济南室内颗粒物总数浓度(10~2500nm)和国外一些发达国家相当,但质量浓度高一个数量级.超市和办公室颗粒物的日变化和粒径分布研究表明,超市和办公室颗粒物浓度主要受到室外源控制,同时办公室颗粒物浓度还受到打印机使用和吸烟的影响.超市打扫卫生和频繁的顾客流动虽使粗模态颗粒物的体积浓度提升4~7倍,但仅占颗粒物总体积浓度的5%左右.办公室内打印机的使用可使室内30nm左右的颗粒物数浓度显著升高,并且在打印机结束使用后高浓度仍可维持20min左右;吸烟使办公室100nm左右颗粒物升高且可维持6h,吸烟时白天颗粒物体积浓度是无吸烟时的2.5倍,说明即使在受到室外高浓度的颗粒物控制时,这2个室内源的贡献仍不容忽视.