The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

吹扫捕集-GC／MS联用定性分析城镇污水处理厂难降解污染物研究

采用吹扫捕集-GC／MS法对浙江省某工业园区污水处理厂中残留的难降解物质进行了定性和半定量分析,分析结果有9个响应值较高的峰,通过NIST库检索,得到这9个物质在水中残留的浓度高低依次是二氯甲烷最高,其次是四氢呋喃、三氯甲烷、1,4-二氯苯、1,2-二氯乙烷、二甲氧基甲烷、五氯环丙烷、1,4-二氯-2-氟苯、N,N-二甲基苯胺。并从这几种物质的性质、用途和这个工业园区生产企业生产的产品,分析了这几种物质在这个工业园区污水中残留的原因及危害,同时提出去除这些残留物质的方法。     

农药企业场地苯系物污染风险及调控对策

苯系物是一类重要的环境污染物,可通过呼吸道、消化道和皮肤进入人体而产生危害,其毒性主要表现在对人体致畸、致突变和致癌等方面.以河北省某农药企业为例,采用吹扫捕集气质联用、固体吸附/热脱附-气相色谱和EPA健康风险评价模型,对场地内苯系物的分布及人体健康风险进行了综合分析,并据此提出相应的风险调控对策建议.结果表明,厂区内土壤、灰尘、空气、地下水及废水中均不同程度检出苯系物,生产区内灰尘中苯系物含量较高(7.33 mg.kg-1),其中甲苯的含量(5.64 mg.kg-1)超过了加拿大工业用地标准.设定10 a、20 a、30 a这3个工作年限情景,相应的总非致癌危害指数分别为4.19×10-3、8.25×10-3和1.22×10-2,均小于1;苯的致癌危害指数依次是1.70×10-7、3.34×10-7和4.92×10-7,小于10-6,表明该企业场地苯系物对职工尚没有造成明显的致癌和非致癌风险,但是随着工作年限的增加,职工受到健康危害的风险程度加大.基于研究结果,提出了厂区环境质量改善和人员安全防护的风险对策建议.     

Partial compensation of the sublethal effect of deltamethrin on the sex pheromonal communication of Trichogramma brassicae

Pyrethroid insecticides are widely used and lead to a sizable environmental pollution that could interfere with the population biology of insects. Trichogramma is a beneficial insect used in biological control and which natural populations contribute to the control of Lepidopterus pests. In this work, we determined the effect of a sublethal dose of deltamethrin on the sex pheromonal communication of Trichogramma. The dose used (LD 0.1) induces no detectable mortality (the theoretical mortality is only one insect over 1000) and can be a good representation of contamination by this insecticide from environmental pollution. The insecticide was shown to have opposite effects on the sex pheromonal communication of Trichogramma, depending on which sex was exposed (Delpuech, J.M., Legallet, B., Terrier, O., Fouillet, P., 1999. Chemosphere 38, 729–739). We show that, when both sexes are simultaneously exposed to the insecticide, this effect is only partially neutralized. The mean response of treated males responding to the sex pheromone from treated females is not significantly different from that of controls, but the kinetics of their response is not the same. When both sexes are treated, the response of males to the sex pheromone is lower at the beginning but their response does not decrease during time contrary to controls and becomes finally higher than that of controls. Therefore, the sublethal effect of deltamethrin in the field can be either advantageous or disadvantageous depending on the difficulty in finding females and their scarcity.     

环境监测布点在场地环境调查与风险评估中的应用--以XXX化肥厂为例

本文以某化肥厂场地为例,经过现场分析与场地污染识别分区结果,该区域内的地下水埋深在47m左右,本次调查中场地未揭露地下水。调查共分6个区域对样品的重金属类、石油烃类、VOC类、VOCs类、氰化物、硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐、氨氮及游离氨类进行了初步筛查;场地内的氨氮及游离氨有大量检出,在超标区域及附近区域需进行详细调查,增加点位,针对氨氮及游离氨进行采样分析。     

石家庄某机械制造企业搬迁遗留土壤调查及污染成因分析

以石家庄某机械制造企业搬迁遗留场地为例,结合分区与专业判断进行土壤调查与分析。结果表明:27个点位不同深度土壤样品中,氰化物、六价铬及多氯联苯均未检出。检出重金属6种,总石油烃2种、苯系物3种,但均未超标。污染主要来源是原辅材料堆存和在工艺过程中遗撒、泄漏迁移所致。     

Effect of heavy metals on soil nematode communities in the vicinity of a metallurgical factory

The influence of Cu and Zn on soil nematode communities was examined along a pollution gradient with increasing distance from a metallurgical factory. Total and available heavy metal contents were used to study the effects of heavy metals on nematode abundance, trophic groups and ecological indices. The results demonstrated significant correlations between the number of total nematodes, bacterivores, plant-parasites and the total and available heavy metals. Bacterivores and plant-parasites were the dominant trophic groups. Significant differences in different sampling sites were found only in the number of bacterivores（P〈0.01）. The Shannon-Weaver diversity index（W）, trophic diversity index（TD）, evenness index（J＇） and dominance index（λ） were found to be sensitive to soil pH and C/N ratios. Significant correlations were found between the total nematodes （TNEM）, some genera （A crobeloides, Aphelenchoides, Cephalobus, Ditylenchus, Mesorhabditis, Tetylenchus and Tylenchus） and distance from the factory.     

石化工业区域厂址环境评估

石化工业区域厂址环境评估是区域环境评价的一个重要分支。文章简要介绍了厂址环境评估（ＥＳＡ）的基本类型、工作程序和实施方法,并结合实例探讨了石化工业区域厂址环境评估。     

焦化厂周边PM10-梧桐叶片-土壤介质中PAHs相关性研究

为了研究焦化厂大气可吸入颗粒物（PM₁₀）、梧桐叶片、土壤3介质中PAHs的污染特征、来源及相关性,连续1 a采其周边PM₁₀、梧桐叶片及土壤样品,利用美国EPA8000系列方法进行分析.结果发现,PM₁₀、梧桐叶片、土壤3种介质中PAHs总量年平均值分别为101.11 ng/m³、79.45 ng/g和121.53 μg/g;PM₁₀中苯并(a)蒽、苯并(g,h,i)、荧蒽、苯并(a)芘等高环数的多环芳烃占明显优势;在梧桐叶片中萘、苊、苯并(a)芘和苯并(g,h,i)的含量较高;土壤中苊烯、芘、苯并(a)蒽等3和4环的PAHs占较大比例. 5月梧桐树叶中只含有苊和芘,而且浓度较低,分别为0.16 ng/g和0.63 ng/g;7、8月梧桐叶中PAHs总量显著提高,从39.19 ng/g上升到150.94 ng/g.通过相关性推断,焦化厂PAHs主要来源为复合污染; 梧桐叶片中PAHs各组分浓度与土壤和PM₁₀中各组分的浓度均具有极显著的相关性（p<0.01）.     

Production and use of DDT containing antifouling paint resulted in high DDTs residue in three paint factory sites and two shipyard sites, China

This study provides the first intensive investigation of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDT) distribution in typical paint factories and shipyards in China where DDT containing antifouling paint were mass produced and used respectively. DDTs were analyzed in soil, sludge and sediment samples collected from three major paint factories and two shipyards. The results showed that the total DDTs concentrations detected in paint factory and shipyard sites ranged from 0.06 to 8387.24 mg kg⁻¹. In comparison with paint factory sites, the shipyard sites were much more seriously contaminated. However, for both kinds of sites, the DDTs level was found to be largely affected by history and capacity of production and use of DDT containing antifouling paint. (DDE + DDD)/DDT ratios indicated that DDT containing antifouling paint could serve as important fresh input sources for DDTs. It can be seen that most samples in shipyards were in ranges where heavy contamination and potential ecological risk were identified.