我国危险废物环境管理的法律法规和标准现状及建议

对我国危险废物管理现行法律、行政法规、部门规章和环境标准的状况进行了梳理,结果显示,法律中确立的一些危险废物管理制度尚未得到全面落实,管理过程中主要侧重无害化防治,而减量化和综合利用化的管理较为薄弱;危险废物管理的环境标准体系也还需进一步完善。建议修改、完善现行的行政法规、部门规章等,全面落实现有危险废物管理制度的实施,在危险废物管理中采取优先顺序策略,加强源头减量,促进资源化利用,在加强危险废物管理过程中的新技术和新方法研究的基础上尽快完善环境标准体系。     

突发环境事件风险源识别与监控技术创新进展——（I）环境风险源识别技术与应用

环境风险防控与环境风险源管理是我国当前环境管理的重要工作之一。为了防控重大环境污染事件、实现环境风险源有序管理、科学决策,开展了重大环境污染事件风险源识别监控与管理技术的研发创新。借鉴国外环境风险源管理经验,遵循环境风险源“分类、分级、分区”管理原则,研发了环境风险源分类、识别与定量分级方法,实现了典型化工园区、特大城市及全国尺度的环境风险源分级,初步提出了全国石化化工行业重点风险企业名单。开发了环境风险源综合管理系统,以期为重点风险源监管、环境风险防控提供技术支持。     

Factors affecting the quantitative uncertainty of the estimated short-term intake. Part I—Calculation methods

ABSTRACT

The calculation of the combined uncertainty of the international estimated short-term intake (IESTI) of ethephon residues in apples is shown as an example. The ethephon residues in apples were reported by the Joint FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)/WHO (World Health Organization) Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR). The apple consumption data were taken from the IESTI (international short-term intake) calculation template used by the JMPR. The IESTI was calculated with the currently used method (case 2a) and a proposed one recommended by the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority)/RIVM (Dutch National Institute for Public Health) Scientific Workshop co-sponsored by FAO and WHO. In this example, the ratio of IESTI_proposed/IESTI_current and their combined relative uncertainty are about 2.8, and 1.7, respectively. The larger IESTI and uncertainty obtained with the proposed equation are the consequence of calculation only with the large portion (LP) instead of its combination with unit mass, and the MRL instead of the highest residue (HR). The LP is the major contributor to the combined uncertainty. Both the calculated IESTI and its combined uncertainty depend on the actual food – pesticide residue combination, and should be calculated for each case.     

浅议保险对企业安全监督管理之作用

通过开展适合于保险和安全监管工作的风险评估体系的研究,充分发挥保险于安全监管的作用,从而为降低职工、企业乃至全社会的风险水平,为经济的可持续发展和社会稳定提供必要的保证。     

滇池疏浚底泥中重金属在4种蔬菜中的累积效应及其风险评价

滇池疏浚底泥富含有机质和N、P等营养成分,农用可提高土壤保水肥能力,有利于植物生长发育,但是存在重金属污染问题。通过盆栽及田间实验,对生菜、白菜、棒菜和萝卜4种蔬菜施用疏浚底泥作为有机肥进行种植,分析疏浚底泥农用后,其重金属含量对蔬菜的影响,并对其进行风险评价。结果表明,盆栽实验中,应将底泥的施用量控制在5%（0.05 kg·kg-1）以内。田间实验中,叶菜类蔬菜种植应将底泥的施用量控制在1.6 kg·m-2以下,块茎类蔬菜种植应将底泥的施用量控制在2.4 kg·m-2以下。风险评价采用富集系数（BCF）,以及内梅罗污染指数。盆栽实验中叶菜类蔬菜BCF均为Cd >Pb >Zn >Cu,而块茎类组分BCF均为Cd >Zn >Pb >Cu;田间实验中叶菜类蔬菜BCF均为Zn >Cd >Pb >Cu,茎块类蔬菜BCF为Zn >Cd >Cu >Pb。化学致癌物Cd引起的平均健康风险均低于国际辐射防护委员会（ICRP）推荐的最大的终生可接受风险水平;而非化学致癌物Pb、Zn、Cu引起的健康风险以Zn最大,Pb次之,Cu最小,且所有非致癌物健康风险均远低于英国皇家协会、瑞典环境保护局及荷兰建设环境部等推荐的终生可接受风险水平。     

Environmental forensic investigation of the air pollution from a cement manufacturing unit

Abstract

Cement manufacturing is a process that results in the emission of significant quantities of suspended particulate matter (SPM) to the ambient air. An environmental forensic investigation was carried out in the surroundings of a major cement manufacturing unit at a place called Coimbatore in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The investigation was carried out to identify the contribution of the cement manufacturing unit to the SPM concentration of the surrounding air environment. The sampling points’ selection and sample collection were done following the principles outlined in the INTERPOL Manual for Pollution Crime Forensic Investigation. On-site monitoring of the air samples was carried out using Mini Laser Aerosol Spectrometer (GRIMM, Mini-LAS Model 11R). The instrument was capable of measuring particles ranging from 0.25 to 32 µm and classifying them into 31 size channels. The test results at majority of the monitoring locations were well above the limits specified in the National Ambient Air Quality Standards of India. Microscopic studies of the dust samples were carried out for surface texture and particle shape. The spatial distribution of particles was analysed using geographic information system (GIS) for the visual identification of the extent of the pollution by keeping the cement factory as the focal point. The results from the GIS and microscopic analysis established the role of the cement factory in the particulate matter pollution of its surroundings, specifically in the areas North-West of the factory. The successfully adopted procedure can serve as a guideline for the environmental forensic investigation of similar pollution incidences.     

基于三角随机模拟和ArcGIS的河流水环境健康风险评价模型

基于河流水环境系统中随机性、模糊性等多种不确定性共存或交叉存在的特性,将三角模糊数与随机模拟方法相耦合,构建了三角随机模拟模型,并将其应用到湘江(长沙段)的健康风险评价中。通过将各参数浓度进行三角模糊化和随机模拟,结果表明,各断面污染物造成的健康风险的变化趋势,总体沿湘江上游至下游逐步降低,表现为昭山 > 猴子石 > 五一桥 > 橘子洲 > 乔口 > 三汊矶,且昭山、三汊矶断面和乔口断面均有恶化趋势。相对于常规的确定性方法,本模型能够得出评价区域健康风险的可能值区间及其相应的概率水平等定量信息,更加客观、全面地表征评价区域的风险状态及其空间分布差异,为决策者提供更多有用的信息。     

基于多元统计分析的渭河西咸段水质评价

基于2012年旱季和雨季的水质监测数据,采用主成分分析(PCA)和绝对主成分多元线性回归分析(APCS-MLR)方法对渭河西咸段水体的污染特征进行了综合评价。结果表明,2012年渭河西咸段水体主要以有机污染和富营养化污染为主,同时存在一定的As污染。总体上,研究水体旱季比雨季污染严重,旱季和雨季提取的主成分及大部分断面综合排名不同,说明降雨对水质产生一定的影响。渭河西咸段水体在皂河入渭之前的上游污染相对较轻,污染贡献以干流排污为主;对应的下游水质较差,皂河是其最大的污染源。     

湖泊底泥磷释放及磷形态变化

为研究底泥中内源性磷释放对城市景观水体富营养化的影响,以西安市曲江南湖为对象,采用底泥磷形态标准测试方法(SMT)分析了磷的赋存形态,通过模拟实验探究了在不同环境条件(温度、pH和溶解氧)下磷形态变化的特征。结果表明:温度升高促进内源磷的释放,在夏季加剧水体富营养化程度;碱性条件有利于磷的释放,增大补给水源可减少底泥释磷量;厌氧环境下底泥释磷量是好氧时的3.96倍;Al-P 和Ca-P较稳定,在酸性条件下会加速其溶解;NH4+-P、 Fe-P 和OrgP受溶解氧、pH和温度影响较大,其吸附与释放能力有明显的差异。     

铅锌冶炼厂周边重金属的空间分布及生态风险评价

以关中西部某铅锌厂周边农田为对象,研究了厂区周边土壤中7种重金属含量的水平及垂直分布特征,用Lars Hakanson潜在生态危害指数对重金属的危害程度进行了评价.研究表明,厂区周围土壤中重金属在水平分布上具有局部高度富集的特征.以厂区为中心,重金属水平分布主要在西北-东南方向上,地势低的土壤中重金属含量明显较高;重金属在垂直分布上主要富集在0～ 25 cm的表层土壤中,且随着深度的进一步增加,土壤中重金属浓度变化幅度减弱,基本趋于稳定.厂区周边Cd和Hg污染水平为重度污染,Pb污染水平为中度污染,潜在生态危害程度为重度.