电极尺寸对介质阻挡放电冷等离子体去除NO的影响

设计了一套高压电源装置以及相应的同轴圆柱 筒介质阻挡放电管 ,研究了放电管中心电极直径以及介质层管内径变化对放电冷等离子体去除NO的影响。实验结果表明 ,这 2种电极尺寸的变化对NO去除率有显著的影响。中心电极直径的增加 ,有助于增强放电 ,但同时减小了反应空间 ;介质层管内径增加 ,延长停留时间的同时放电的强度却相应减弱了。所以中心电极的直径或介质层的内径均应有一最佳值 ,使得其他条件不变的情况下NO的去除效果最佳。     

三维三相流化床电极处理苯胺实验研究

使用了一种新型的电化学反应器———三维三相流化床电极用于处理苯胺的实验研究。得到了气量大小、外加电压、电介质浓度、pH值、原水浓度、反应时间等因素对苯胺溶液COD去除率的影响规律 ,并对之进行了合理的解释和分析。结果表明 ,用三维三相流化床电极 ,在一定条件下 ,苯胺可基本被全部氧化。初步论证了苯胺电解过程中有中间产物的生成。     

微库仑法和离子色谱法测定土壤中可吸附有机卤素

采用振荡吸附处理土壤样品,用微库仑法和离子色谱法分别测定土壤中的可吸附有机卤素(AOX)。通过优化样品前处理条件以提高AOX的提取效率,上述两种方法检出限分别为15.3 mg/kg和16.3 mg/kg, 4-氯苯酚作为标准物质的加标回收率分别为92.2%～95.0%和77.7%～80.2%。两种方法测定实际土壤样品中AOX,6次测定结果的RSD为5.4%～19.2%。GSS系列标准土壤试验结果表明,振荡吸附处理样品,用微库仑法和离子色谱法在测定样品中AOX时测定结果区别不大,土壤中AOX含量与卤素含量无直接关系。     

Amperometric Detection of Pesticides Using Polymer Electrodes

Abstact The real time monitoring of some organophosphorus based pesticides is of great concern to environmentalists because the widespread use of pesticides is causing severe health hazards to all living beings and also hampering our ecological balance. The traditional methods of measurement of pesticide residues are time consuming, need sample pre-treatment, and lack desired specificity and accuracy. We have developed an amperometric biosensor for indirect measurement of the pesticide concentration precisely in ppb level. The method is based on the action of two enzymes namely acetylcholine esterase and choline oxidase which are uniquely immobilized in a polymeric porous network directly on the working electrode of a screen-printed sensor. Polyacrylamide matrix has been prepared by copolymerisation of acrylamide andN,N′-methylenebisacrylamide using Potassium peroxodisulphate (K₂S₂O₈) as initiator. A linear relationship was obtained between the range of 0 to 10 ppb.     

Glucosinolates and other metabolites in the leaves of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis thaliana</Emphasis> from natural populations and their effects on a generalist and a specialist herbivore

Because many secondary metabolites in plants act as defense against herbivores it has been postulated that these compounds have evolved under selective pressure by insect herbivores. One explanation for the within-species variation in metabolite patterns in a particular species is that different populations are under selection by different herbivores. We tested this hypothesis, using Arabidopsis thaliana plants that originated from dune and inland areas. We analyzed Arabidopsis thaliana leaves using NMR spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis. Major differences in chemical composition were found in water-methanol fractions and were due to higher concentrations of sinigrin and fumaric acid in dune plants. Inland plants showed lower levels of glucose. Quantitative analysis of glucosinolates was performed with HPLC. Individual plants and populations demonstrated differences in glucosinolate composition and concentration. In growth chamber experiments, the generalist herbivore, Spodoptera exigua grew significantly better on the inland plants, while the specialist herbivore Plutella xylostella performed equally well on plants of both origins. Aliphatic glucosinolate as well as total glucosinolate concentrations negatively correlated with larval mass of Spodoptera exigua. No significant correlations, however, were found between larval mass of Plutella xylostella and glucosinolates in the leaves. A specialist and a generalist herbivore were responding differently to plant secondary chemistry, as was also found in several other studies. This is an important indication that differences in glucosinolate concentrations among populations may result from differential selection by different guilds of herbivores.     

Prediction and minimization of vertical migration of DNAPLS using surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation at neutral buoyancy

Surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR) had previously been thought to require a capillary barrier below the contaminated zone to prevent the vertical migration of a microemulsion containing solubilized DNAPL. This paper shows the vertical migration of the dense microemulsion is described and predicted by the value of three dimensionless scaling groups. Embedded within these scaling groups are four design parameters. The value of these parameters can be manipulated in order to reduce the amount of vertical migration anticipated for a given remediation design. Plots have been constructed that illustrate the relationship between vertical migration and the value of the scaling groups; such plots can be used to predict vertical migration and to determine appropriate screen intervals of extraction wells to ensure full capture of the contaminants. This predictive capability has been verified in laboratory experiments. Predicted migration of the microemulsion agreed within about 2% of that observed. Development of the scaling groups is presented, remediation design implications are discussed, and laboratory verification is shown. Additional discussion of the laboratory work is given in a companion paper [Kostarelos, K., Pope, G.A., Rouse, B.A., Shook, G.M., 1998. A new concept: the use of neutrally-buoyant microemulsions for DNAPL remediation, J. Contam. Hydro., this edition].     

重金属Pb~(2+)与蛋白质多组份体系的结合反应机制研究

滴涂法制备壳聚糖修饰电极(Chitosan/Glassy Carbon Electrode,CTS/GCE),并通过循环伏安法和电化学交流阻抗法表征修饰电极;利用修饰电极研究Pb2+离子与血清蛋白质混合体系及单组分体系的结合反应机理,并进行分析比较。结果表明,CTS/GCE修饰电极测定Pb2+-蛋白质分子相互作用时显现良好的线性响应关系,利用建议的理论方程计算了Pb2+与蛋白质的结合参数;分析实验数据表明混合组分体系中蛋白质分子间也存在相互作用,从而影响Pb2+与单组分蛋白质分子相互作用,Pb2+与多组分蛋白质溶液体系的相互作用参数不等于Pb2+与单组分蛋白质分子相互作用参数之和;同时,文章提出了一个蛋白质-蛋白质分子相互作用的计算公式,以此定量衡量多组分蛋白质混合体系中蛋白质分子间的相互作用。研究结果可为研究重金属离子与蛋白质组的相互作用提供前期基础,并为蛋白质-蛋白质分子间相互作用研究提供新方法。     

Ce改性Fe-Mn/TiO2低温SCR脱硝催化剂硫中毒机理

以Ce改性Fe-Mn/TiO_2低温选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝催化剂为研究对象,通过活性测试和一系列表征技术对其低温抗硫性能及中毒机理进行探究。实验结果表明:当烟气中通入SO_2体积分数在0.02%以下时,Fe_(0.1)Ce_(0.07)Mn_(0.4)/TiO_2催化剂呈现出良好的抗硫性,且停止通入SO_2时催化剂的脱硝活性可恢复至初始水平;当通入SO_2的体积分数增加至0.04%时,催化剂会发生不可逆失活。表征结果显示:(NH_4)_2SO_4在催化剂表面的沉积和活性组分锰氧化物的硫酸化(生成MnSO_4)是催化剂硫中毒的主要原因;中毒后的催化剂比表面积显著降低,氧化还原能力减弱;催化剂Lewis酸的酸性大幅度减弱是催化剂活性降低的重要原因。     

光电催化氧化处理反渗透浓水

采用光电催化氧化技术对天津市某石化企业反渗透单元浓水进行处理。经光催化、电化学及光电催化氧化处理后浓缩液出水的COD、氨氮及色度去除率进行了对比研究。详细探讨了不同电流密度、反应时间及紫外灯功率对COD、氨氮及色度去除效果的影响。结果表明,在电流密度为2.0 mA/cm2,紫外灯光强度为30μW/cm2的条件下,处理150min后,COD的去除率为92.06%,氨氮浓度从44.61 mg/L下降至2.84 mg/L,色度去除率达到100%。对光电催化氧化法处理不同时间的出水进行了三维荧光光谱及凝胶色谱分析。结果表明,光电催化氧化法可将反渗透浓水中大部分大分子有机物结构破坏,使其分解成小分子有机物。     

可见光光电-Fenton体系中TiO2薄膜电极的制备及应用

采用可见光光电-Fenton体系对罗丹明B模拟废水进行处理。探讨了自制电解液、阳极氧化时间、煅烧温度、煅烧时间因素对阳极材料-TiO2薄膜电极的制备的影响,以及以此为阳极材料的可见光光电-Fenton体系对污染物的降解效果和光电协同作用,并通过响应面优化实验对制备条件优化。在单因素实验得到了参数取值的粗略范围的基础上,通过响应面优化实验得到了最优的制备条件:电解液0.5%NH4F丙三醇溶液、阳极氧化时间93.26 min、煅烧温度602.89℃、煅烧时间127.49 min,模拟出在该条件下的光电-Fenton去除率为70.78%;对此条件下的TiO2薄膜电极进行光催化和电-Fenton实验,得到光电协同因子为1.92;各因素对光电-Fenton去除率影响大小关系为:阳极氧化时间>煅烧时间>煅烧温度。响应面模型3次验证实验的误差均在5%以内,模型可用。