Identification of PAHs Sources in Bivalves and Sediments 5 Years After the Sea Prince Oil Spill in Korea

On 23 July 1995, the oil tanker Sea Prince ran aground near Son Island, off the South Coast of Korea and spilled 5040 tons of crude and fuel oil into the marine environment. The effects of the Sea Prince oil spill on the marine environment have been investigated since 1996. The main objectives of this study were to find out the residual effects of beached oil and transport of dispersed oil into the subtidal area. Twenty-four PARs were analyzed and principal component analysis was performed to elucidate weathering status, bioaccumulation pattern, and input sources. There were signs of bioconcentration of oil-derived PAHs in mussels of stranded oil remained sites. However, environmental factors overwhelmed these so that all the bivalves studied showed similar pattern in the last two sampling campaigns. There was no significant evidence of transport of oil-derived PAHs into the subtidal environment. However, one station showed an exceptionally high concentration (923 ng/g dry weight), which implies the limited input of particle-bound PAHs into this confined area.     

Organochlorine,PCB, PAH,and metal concentrations in eggs of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) from northwest Florida,USA

Abstract

Composite samples of unhatched and physically unaltered loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta, eggs collected from 20 nests along northwest Florida were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and metals. Chemical analyses revealed that turtle eggs contained detectable amounts of metals, PAHs, and PCBs. Only one OCP, p, p'‐DDD, was detected, and its presence was restricted to eggs from two nesting sites. None of the PCB concentrations exceeded the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) action limit. Concentrations of dioxin‐like PCB congeners, 105, 118, and 126, and total PCBs were also detected and are contributors to the toxic burden of loggerhead sea turtle eggs. Concentrations of PAHs, 1,2,5,6‐dibenzanthracene, 1‐methyl naphthalene, Cl‐naphthalene and naphthalene were variable at nesting sites. Comparison of mean metal burdens in eggs from different beaches suggested that no uniform geographic gradients exist. Presence of OCPs, PCBs, PAHs and metals and their additive or synergistic toxicity is a concern to loggerhead sea turtle eggs; however, additive or synergistic impacts for loggerhead sea turtles are largely undocumented.     

Lessons for resource conservation from two contrasting small-scale fisheries

Small-scale fisheries present challenges to management due to fishers’ dependency on resources and the adaptability of management systems. We compared social-ecological processes in the sea cucumber fisheries of Zanzibar and Mayotte, Western Indian Ocean, to better understand the reasons for resource conservation or collapse. Commercial value of wild stocks was at least 30 times higher in Mayotte than in Zanzibar owing to lower fishing pressure. Zanzibar fishers were financially reliant on the fishery and increased fishing effort as stocks declined. This behavioral response occurred without adaptive management and reinforced an unsustainable fishery. In contrast, resource managers in Mayotte adapted to changing fishing effort and stock abundance by implementing a precautionary fishery closure before crossing critical thresholds. Fishery closure may be a necessary measure in small-scale fisheries to preserve vulnerable resources until reliable management systems are devised. Our comparison highlighted four poignant lessons for managing small-scale fisheries: (1) diagnose the fishery regularly, (2) enable an adaptive management system, (3) constrain exploitation within ecological limits, and (4) share management responsibility.     

Increasing nitrogen limitation in the Bothnian Sea,potentially caused by inflow of phosphate-rich water from the Baltic Proper

The study showed that the open water of the Bothnian Sea (BS) is likely to have shifted from altering nitrogen and phosphorous limitations of the spring bloom to more nitrogen-limited conditions during the last 20 years. This is affected by the by inflow of phosphate-rich and oxygen-depleted water from depths near the halocline in the northern Baltic Proper, where severe oxygen conditions currently cause extreme phosphate concentrations in the deep water. The change in relation between inorganic nitrogen and phosphorous in the BS occurs first in the deep water and then progresses to the surface water. The change can potentially cause increased production in the BS and more frequent cyanobacterial blooms. There does not appear to be any immediate concern in the short-term perspective for the state of the BS, but a progression of the processes may lead to a more eutrophic state of the BS.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0675-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Comanagement Practices Enhance Fisheries in Marine Protected Areas

Abstract:  Fishing activities worldwide have dramatically affected marine fish stocks and ecosystems. Marine protected areas (MPAs) with no-take zones may enhance fisheries, but empirical evidence of this is scant. We conducted a 4-year survey of fish catches around and within an MPA that was previously fully closed to fishing and then partially reopened under regulated comanaged fishing. In collaboration with the fishers and the MPA authority, we set the fishing effort and selected the gear to limit fishing impact on key fish predators, juvenile fish stage, and benthic communities and habitats. Within an adaptive comanagement framework, fishers agreed to reduce fishing effort if symptoms of overfishing were detected. We analyzed the temporal trends of catch per unit of effort (CPUE) of the whole species assemblages and CPUE of the four most valuable and frequent species observed inside the opened buffer zone and outside the MPA investigated. After the comanaged opening, CPUE first declined and then stabilized at levels more than twice that of catches obtained outside the MPA. Our results suggest that working closely with fishers can result in greater fisheries catches. Partial protection of coastal areas together with adaptive comanagement involving fishers, scientists, and managers can effectively achieve conservation and fishery management goals and benefit fishing communities and alleviate overfishing.     

基于有色溶解性有机质(CDOM)解析陆源污染物在东海区域的分布特征

随着"陆海统筹"海洋保护战略的提出,近海水质修复越来越依靠对污染源数据的准确掌握,而活性磷酸盐和总无机氮等常规水质指标不能对海洋中陆源污染物进行有效指示.因此,本研究利用三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析（EEM-PARAFAC）等技术分析了象山港和东海不同深度有色溶解性有机质（CDOM）的组成和分布特征,探讨基于CDOM快速分析技术的近海水质评价方法.结果表明,象山港水质受沿岸排放影响显著,其氮磷营养盐、陆源腐殖质（EEM-PARAFAC组分C1和C4）和生活源类蛋白质（C3和C5）物质显著高于东海表层水体.在东海水体中,5个荧光组分的高值区主要分布在北部近岸表层海域,与盐度分布相反,清晰表明长江冲淡水等陆源输入对CDOM的显著影响.相关性分析表明,陆源物质输入是东海表层水体中污染物的重要来源,而底层污染物的来源则更为复杂.总体上,污水类物质较大程度地改变了东海北部表层CDOM的组成.本研究表明,利用EEM-PARAFAC等技术可快速有效地识别海洋中CDOM的来源,深刻揭示了陆源排放对海洋水质的影响程度,可为"陆海统筹"海洋保护策略提供技术支撑.     

秋季黄海与渤海异戊二烯含量的分布及海-气通量

为深入研究我国近海异戊二烯的生物地球化学过程及气候效应,于2013年11月6—23日(秋季)在黄海、渤海海域设25个采样点采集海水样品,其中在A断面4个采样点采集不同深度海水样品,运用吹扫捕集-气质联用法对海水中c(异戊二烯)进行分析,研究其分布规律及影响因素,并对异戊二烯的海-气通量进行了探讨. 结果表明:①表层海水中c(异戊二烯)的范围为10.76~48.67 pmol/L,平均值为(22.85±10.52)pmol/L,其水平分布呈北高南低的特征;②c(异戊二烯)与ρ(Chla)(Chla为叶绿素a)呈正相关(R=0.643 4,n=25,P<0.000 4),说明浮游植物生物量是影响研究海域内c(异戊二烯)水平分布与变化规律的重要因素;③调查期间c(异戊二烯)在A断面上的垂直分布较为均匀且没有出现明显分层现象;④表层海水中异戊二烯处于过饱和状态,其海-气释放通量范围为6.26~449.81 nmol/(m2·d),平均值为(91.62±109.75)nmol/(m2·d). 研究显示,我国陆架海区可能是全球海洋、大气异戊二烯重要的源,相关的调查研究工作亟需展开.      

基于Bayes方法的渤海渔业资源动态评析

研究利用来自于黄渤海渔政局的内部统计资料,采用基于Bayes方法的Pella-Tomlinson模型对渤海渔业资源动态进行了科学评析,评析结果显示:渤海渔业资源的环境容纳量为3.5×10⁶~5.5×10⁶ t;渔业资源综合种群的内禀增长率r为0.9~1.6;1979年渔业资源年平均生物量为2 332 523 t,尔后持续上升到1985年的最高值4 251 292 t,1985年以后又持续下降到2002年的最低值2 250 709 t;渤海渔业资源的最大持续产量MSY约为140×10⁴ t左右;支持MSY所需的捕捞努力量约为817 771 kW, 到1991年捕捞努力量增加到963 564 kW,此时已超过获得MSY时需要的捕捞努力量,即从1991年开始出现捕捞过度。     

环渤海潮间带秋季大型底栖动物生态学研究

对2008年9月在环渤海11个潮间带进行生态调查所获得的30个生物样品,以及对现场测定的温度,pH和ρ(DO)与沉积物样品分析的基础上,阐述了环渤海潮间带大型底栖动物群落的结构特点,并进一步分析了大型底栖动物与环境因子的关系. 调查共发现大型底栖动物76种,其中多毛类动物25种,软体动物24种,甲壳动物19种,其他类动物8种. 大型底栖动物的栖息密度和生物量分别为(367.40±187.30)m-2与(100.90±56.40)g/m2. 数据分析显示,环渤海潮间带大型底栖动物群落的优势种不明显,优势度大于1%的仅有4种,分别为托氏昌螺、四角蛤蜊、哈氏美人虾和中华近方蟹. 物种多样性指数则以位于渤海口的莱州湾最高,为1.909. 11个采样区域的大型底栖动物群落结构相似性总体较低,相似系数约为20%. 相关分析表明,大型底栖动物的种类数量、栖息密度和生物量与底质类型显著相关,而与温度,pH和ρ(DO)无明显的对应关系. 与历史资料相比,过去的30 a,环渤海潮间带大型底栖动物的种类数量因周围生存环境的变化以及污染等因素的影响而明显减少.