Evidence for coupled iron and nitrate reduction in the surface waters of Jiaozhou Bay

Iron and nitrate (NO₃^?) are dominant physiologically required nutrients for phytoplankton growth, and iron may also play a key role in the marine nitrogen cycle. In this study, we investigated the temporal and spatial distributions of dissolved iron (DFe) and Fe(II) in the surface waters of Jiaozhou Bay (JZB) from April 2 to July 26, 2017. High concentrations of DFe and Fe(II) predominantly occurred in nearshore and estuarine stations and concentrations were generally higher in April and May. The highest DFe concentration was observed along the coast of Hongdao (51.55 nmol/L) in May, while the lowest concentration was observed in the western coastal region (2.88 nmol/L) in April. The highest and lowest Fe(II) concentrations were observed in the Licun estuary (22.42 nmol/L) and outer bay (0.50 nmol/L) in May, respectively. We calculated the proportions of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium in dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) as well as the ratio of Fe(II) to DFe in all four months. The mean Fe(II)/DFe ratio was 0.48 in April, 0.43 in May, 0.69 in June, and 0.32 in July. The mean ratio of NO₃^? to DIN was 0.78 in April, 0.54 in May, 0.20 in June, and 0.62 in July. NO₃^?/DIN continuously decreased in the first three months, while Fe(II)/DFe remained high, which suggests that the reduction of iron and nitrate occurred simultaneously in the surface waters of JZB.     

Nitrous oxide reductase gene (nosZ) and N2O reduction along the littoral gradient of a eutrophic freshwater lake

Lake littoral zones are characterized by heterogeneity in the biogeochemistry of nutrient elements. This study aimed to explore the relationship between the nitrous oxide reductase gene (nosZ)-encoding denitrifier community composition/abundance and N2O reduction. Five samples (deep sediment, near-transition sediment, transition site, near-transition land and land soil) were collected along a littoral gradient of eutrophic Baiyangdian Lake, North China. To investigate the relationship between the nosZ-encoding denitrifier community structure and N2O reduction, the nosZ-encoding denitrifier community composition/abundance, potential denitrification rate (DNR) and potential N2O production rate (pN2O) were investigated using molecular biological technologies and laboratory incubation experiments. The results showed that the average DNR of sediments was about 25 times higher than that of land soils, reaching 282.5 nmol N/(g dry weight (dw)·hr) and that the average pN2O of sediments was about 3.5 times higher than that of land soils, reaching 15.7 nmol N/(g dw·hr). In the land area, the nosZ gene abundance showed a negative correlation with the N2O/(N2O+N2) ratio, indicating that nosZ gene abundance dominated N2O reduction both in the surface soils of the land area and in the soil core of the transition site.Phylogenetic analysis showed that all the nosZ sequences recovered from sediment clustered closely with the isolates Azospirillum largimobile and Azospirillum irakense affiliated to Rhodospirillaceae in alpha-Proteobacteria, while about 92.3% (12/13) of the nosZ sequences recovered from land soil affiliated to Rhizobiaceae and Bradyrhizobiaceae in α-Proteobacteria. The community composition of nosZ gene-encoding denitrifiers appeared to be coupled with N2O reduction along the littoral gradient.     

天津市PM2.5中氮含量及同位素的昼夜及季节变化

为研究天津市大气气溶胶中氮的来源,分析了2016年夏、冬两季昼夜采集的细颗粒物气溶胶（PM_2.5）中无机离子浓度和氮同位素组成（δ¹⁵N）.结果显示：天津市冬季平均PM_2.5质量浓度（207 μg/m³）远高于夏季（40.1 μg/m³）,冬季PM_2.5的δ¹⁵N值（+5.1‰）低于夏季（+10.7‰）,即夏季PM_2.5较冬季更富集¹⁵N;夏季PM_2.5中NH₄⁺的平均浓度高于c（NO₃^–）,但是冬季NO₃^–浓度最高,其次是c（NH₄⁺）>c（SO₄^2–）;此外,通过对比昼夜样品,夏季PM_2.5中氮含量和氮同位素组成在昼夜均表现出明显差异,而冬季不明显.结果表明,天津市夏季气溶胶中含氮化合物在昼夜受海陆风的影响,即白天受海洋气溶胶影响较大而夜间则为陆源气溶胶物质影响,然而冬季受东亚季风的影响削弱了海陆风对海陆间大气气溶胶的交换作用,且在冬季化石燃料燃烧源氮贡献较大.     

某林丹生产企业搬迁遗留场地土壤中六六六的残留特征

为了解有机氯农药生产企业搬迁遗留场地土壤的污染状况,于2010年11月对原新乡市某林丹生产企业搬迁遗留场地进行了调研,采用索氏提取-气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(SE-GC-ECD)法对其污染土壤中六六六(HCH)进行分析检测.结果表明,在所有采样点位中,六六六的4种异构体的检出率均为100%.0～20 cm表层土壤中六六六的浓度变化具有波动性,总残留量(ΣHCH)范围在0.034 3～19.560 8 mg·kg-1;前后院中心0～80 cm垂向土壤中六六六浓度随土壤深度的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势,总残留量(ΣHCH)范围在0.031 3～0.294 7 mg·kg-1.通过对污染物的组成分析发现,4种异构体的含量顺序符合β-HCH>δ-HCH>γ-HCH>α-HCH,β-HCH异构体的平均含量在50%左右,远远高于其它异构体的含量,表明该场地并没有新的六六六输入.采用《土壤环境质量标准(GB 15618-1995)》对污染场地土壤残留六六六进行风险评价,结果表明,经过十几年的降解,大部分采样点位六六六的污染浓度(67.9%)低于土壤环境质量二级标准0.5 mg·kg-1,处于安全级别,厂区后院西部及东部靠近生产车间的土壤污染仍较为严重,超出土壤环境质量三级标准(1.0 mg·kg-1)1.5～20倍,存在较大的安全隐患和风险.     

Characterization of bacterial community and iron corrosion in drinking water distribution systems with O3-biological activated carbon treatment

Bacterial community structure and iron corrosion were investigated for simulated drinking water distribution systems(DWDSs) composed of annular reactors incorporating three different treatments: ozone, biologically activated carbon and chlorination(O_3-BAC-Cl_2);ozone and chlorination(O3-Cl_2); or chlorination alone(Cl_2). The lowest corrosion rate and iron release, along with more Fe_3O_4 formation, occurred in DWDSs with O_3-BAC-Cl_2 compared to those without a BAC filter. It was verified that O_3-BAC influenced the bacterial community greatly to promote the relative advantage of nitrate-reducing bacteria(NRB)in DWDSs. Moreover, the advantaged NRB induced active Fe(III) reduction coupled to Fe(II) oxidation, enhancing Fe_3O_4 formation and inhibiting corrosion. In addition, O_3-BAC pretreatment could reduce high-molecular-weight fractions of dissolved organic carbon effectively to promote iron particle aggregation and inhibit further iron release. Our findings indicated that the O_3-BAC treatment, besides removing organic pollutants in water, was also a good approach for controlling cast iron corrosion and iron release in DWDSs.     

浙江省大气颗粒物PM2.5化学组分污染特征分析

为探究浙江省城市大气颗粒物的组分污染特征,基于2019年10月1日至2020年9月30日浙江省内11个点位4个区域的手工采样监测数据,分析了浙江省PM_2.5组分不同区域不同季节的污染特征.结果表明,采样期内浙江省各地区ρ(PM_2.5)平均值范围为34.3～46.4μg·m^-3,其中浙西和浙北内陆地区PM_2.5浓度相对较高,分别高出均值15.1%和13.2%,浙东和浙南沿海地区PM_2.5浓度相对较低,分别低于均值8.4%和14.9%.季节性特征呈现秋季和冬季较高,夏季最低,空间分布来看,浙南地区的PM_2.5浓度春季、秋季和冬季季节变化不明显,浙西地区为：秋季>冬季>春季>夏季,浙北和浙东地区均呈现冬季>秋季>春季>夏季的季节变化特征.内陆地区采样期内,风景名胜区、行政区、居民区和商业交通居民混合区的ρ(PM_2.5)分别为：(40.2±10.2)、(46.3±9.6)、(50.1±10.6)和(46.7...     

焦作市大气污染时空分布特征及来源分析

焦作市是京津冀地区"2+26"通道城市之一.为研究焦作市大气污染特征,于2016年1月-2018年2月使用3个国控站点（马村区生态环境局、焦作市生态环境局和高新区政府）大气环境监测数据,以及2018年1月焦作市边界站PM_2.5及其化学组分（水溶性离子和碳组分）监测数据进行分析.结果显示:焦作市大气污染以PM_2.5污染为主,2017年ρ（NO₂）、ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（PM₁₀）、ρ（CO）和ρ（SO₂）平均值分别为42.4 μg/m3、79.0 μg/m3、136.5 μg/m3、1.42 mg/m3和38.3 μg/m3,较2016年分别下降了10.5%、10.6%、11.2%、20.7%和37.6%.在时间分布上,大气污染物质量浓度日变化具有明显的季节性特征,春、夏两季ρ（NO₂）日变化较秋、冬两季呈更宽的"U型",ρ（SO₂）峰值出现在12:00左右,推测原因与夜间高架源排放有关;在空间分布上,本地一次污染排放可能主要来自市区工地扬尘、西南地区交通源和东部污染点源.观测期间,ρ（NO₃-）、ρ（NH₄+）和ρ（SO₄2-）较高,平均值分别为39.42、23.66和23.01 μg/m3,分别占水溶性离子质量浓度的41.8%、25.1%和24.4%,占ρ（PM_2.5）的27.4%、16.4%和16.0%.污染天的NOR（氮转化率）（0.35）和SOR（硫转化率）（0.43）明显高于清洁天的NOR（0.25）和SOR（0.18）,表明污染天NO₂和SO₂二次转化程度更高.SOR和NOR随相对湿度的增加而增加,表明相对湿度较高时有利于NO₂和SO₂的二次转化.污染天和清洁天ρ（SOC）（SOC为二次有机碳）估算值分别为19.79和3.51 μg/m3,分别占ρ（OC）的79.4%和54.9%,占ρ（PM_2.5）的9.8%和10.4%,表明焦作市SOC对OC有较大的贡献.PSCF（潜在源贡献因子法）结果表明,本地源是影响焦作市秋、冬两季PM_2.5的主要潜在源,太行山南麓区域输送也对其有一定贡献.研究显示,焦作市大气污染较严重,本地一次排放、二次转化和区域输送是焦作市PM_2.5的主要来源.      

臭氧流化床深度处理焦化废水尾水过程中有机组分变化分析

焦化废水处理工程中,经过生物和混凝处理后,排放到环境中的尾水COD处于(85±20)mg·L-1范围内,这部分COD主要由一些难生物降解的物质构成,对水体环境造成污染,也给水回用带来了技术上的难度.为实现尾水中残留有机物的进一步削减,降低其在环境当中的危害,采用臭氧流化床反应器对焦化废水尾水进行深度处理并通过三维荧光光谱仪以及气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)分析其水质组成的变化.结果表明:尾水在反应过程中,投加的臭氧量与降解的COD之间的比值(O3(kg)/COD(kg))随反应时间的延长不断增大;当pH=10时,COD、UV254和色度的去除率分别为51.5%,87.3%和85.0%,去除效果优于pH=7和pH=5条件下的反应;臭氧氧化能够有效分解尾水中类色氨酸、类溶解性微生物副产物、类腐植酸和类酪氨酸物质;经臭氧氧化后,焦化废水尾水中一些难生物降解的有机物得到了部分或完全去除,转化为一些新的有机物,如烷烃、苯甲醇、己酸等物质.研究结果证明,影响尾水的臭氧氧化效率涉及反应器结构、废水溶液性质和反应条件.     

Towards a better hydraulic cleaning strategy for ultrafiltration membrane fouling by humic acid: Effect of backwash water composition

As a routine measurement to alleviate membrane fouling, hydraulic cleaning is of great significance for the steady operation of ultrafiltration (UF) systems in water treatment processes. In this work, a comparative study was performed to investigate the effects of the composition of backwash water on the hydraulic cleaning performance of UF membranes fouled by humic acid (HA). Various types of backwash water, including UF permeate, Milli-Q water, NaCl solution, CaCl₂ solution and HA solution, were compared in terms of hydraulically irreversible fouling index, total surface tension and residual HA. The results indicated that Milli-Q water backwash was superior to UF permeate backwash in cleaning HA-fouled membranes, and the backwash water containing Na⁺ or HA outperformed Milli-Q water in alleviating HA fouling. On the contrary, the presence of Ca^2 + in backwash water significantly decreased the backwash efficiency. Moreover, Ca^2 + played an important role in foulant removal, and the residual HA content closely related to the residual Ca^2 + content. Mechanism analysis suggested that the backwash process may involve fouling layer swelling, ion exchange, electric double layer release and competitive complexation. Ion exchange and competitive complexation played significant roles in the efficient hydraulic cleaning associated with Na⁺ and HA, respectively.     

张掖市城区大气细颗粒物PM2.5的化学组成及来源解析

为研究张掖市城区大气细颗粒物（PM_2.5）的污染特征和来源,于2020年9月至2021年7月在张掖市城区的河西学院和湿地博物馆2个采样点进行了PM_2.5样品采集,对PM_2.5浓度、化学组成（水溶性无机离子、碳质组分和元素）和来源进行分析.结果表明,河西学院和湿地博物馆两个采样点的年均ρ（PM_2.5）分别为（73.7±31.8）μg·m^-3和（68.1±33.3）μg·m^-3,季节浓度均值均呈现春季>冬季>秋季>夏季的变化.河西学院采样点的二次水溶性无机离子（SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺）年均值高于湿地博物馆.河西学院采样点的ρ（OC）和ρ（EC）分别为（9.6±5.7）μg·m^-3和（2.9±1.6）μg·m^-3,湿地博物馆采样点的年均ρ（OC）和ρ（EC）分别为（9.2±5.8）μg·m^-3和（2.5±1.3）μg·m^-3,河西学院的含碳组分在各季节均高于湿地博物馆.河西学院和湿地博物馆两个采样点的年均二次有机碳（SOC）在OC中的质量分数分别为49.4%和43.7%,表明张掖市存在较为严重的二次污染.河西学院和湿地博物馆两个采样点的元素浓度年均值分别为（6.0±3.5）μg·m^-3和（5.8±3.9）μg·m^-3,受到人为源的影响,Zn、Ca、Al和Fe等元素浓度水平相对较高.正定矩阵因子分解模型（PMF）结果表明,张掖城区PM_2.5的主要贡献源为二次气溶胶（28.0%）、交通源（25.8%）、扬尘源（15.2%）、燃煤源（14.0%）、生物质燃烧和垃圾焚烧源（12.5%）和工艺过程源（4.5%）.